HD 9757 
.M3 A5 
1919 
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MARYLAND STATE BOARD Oi 

Executive Oflic 



THE 



WOOD -USING INDUSTRIES 

OF MARYLAND 



F. W. BESLEY, State Forester 



AND 



j. G. DORRANCE, Assistant Forest 




BALTIMi iRE, MARYLAND 





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MARYLAND, STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY. 



EDWARD B. MATHEWS 

Executive Officer 



F. W. BESLEY 

State Forettei 



THE 

WOOD -USING INDUSTRIES 

OF MARYLAND 

BY 

F. W. BESLEY, State Forester 

AND 

j. G. DORRANCE, Assistant Forester 




BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 
1919 



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STATE FORESTER'S OFFICE 

815 CALVERT BUILDING 

BALTIMORE 



F. W. BESLEY State Forester 

J. GORDON DORRANCE Assistant Forester 

KARL E. PFEIFFER Assistant Forester 

JOSHUA A. COPE Assistant Forester 



DOROTHY C. FRASER Secretary 

SARA M. REESE Clerk 




n c af B. 

OCT 25 1920 



CONTENTS 



CONTENTS 



Page 

Introduction 13 

PART I. INDUSTRIES. 

The Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 19 

Industries 27 

Boxes and Crates 27 

Planing Mill Products 28 

Tanks and Silos, Cooperage 29 

Car Construction 30 

Furniture 31 

Ship and Boat Building 32 

Baskets 33 

Fixtures 34 

Caskets and Coffins 35 

Brushes 35 

Vehicle and Vehicle Parts 36 

Picture Frames and Moldings 38 

Musical Instruments 39 

Cigar Boxes . 40 

Woodenware and Novelties 40 

Toys 41 

Portable Houses 42 

Trunks, Valises, Luggage 42 

Molds and Patterns 43 

PART II. WOODS. 

Kinds of Wood 47 

Southern Yellow Pines 47 

Oak Species 48 

Cypress 49 

Black Gum 49 

Tulip Poplar 51 

Red Gum 52 

Basswood 53 

Eastern White Pine 53 

Chestnut 54 

Beech 55 

Hickory Species 56 

Douglas Fir 57 

Hard Maple 57 

Red Maple 58 

Birch Species 59 

Black Locust 59 

Yellow Buckeye 60 

Mahogany 61 



Page 

Western White Pine 61 

Eastern Spruce 62 

Hemlock 63 

Ash Species 63 

American Elm 64 

Spanish Cedar 64 

Black Walnut 65 

Cedar Species 66 

Cotton Gum 66 

Circassian Walnut 67 

Redwood 67 

Western Spruce 68 

Black Cherry 68 

Sugar Pine 69 

Lignum-Vitae 70 

Rosewood 70 

Cucumber 71 

Teak 71 

Tamarack 72 

Cottonwood 72 

Sycamore 73 

Boxwood 73 

Holly 73 

Uses of the Different Woods— Check List 76 

PART III. THE COUNTIES. 

The Counties 85 

Baltimore (City and County) 85 

Wicomico 86 

Washington 88 

Worcester - 89 

Anne Arundel 90 

Dorchester 91 

Frederick 92 

Somerset 93 

Caroline 93 

Cecil 94 

Talbot 94 

Garrett 95 

Kent 96 

Allegany 97 

Calvert 97 

Carroll 98 

Montgomery 9g 

APPENDIX 

State's Directory of Manufacturers 103 

Principal Forest Products Ill 

Special Uses of the Forest 117 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Plate. 
I. 
II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 
XXII. 



Facing Page 



Frontispiece — A Source of Baltimore Veneers. 



g. 1— The Box Mill 14 

g. 2 — Shipping Box Shooks 14 

g. 1— nShooks 18 

g. 2 — Boxes 18 

g. 1 — Dorchester Planing Mill 22 

g. 2 — Interior Finish, of Chestnut 22 

g. 1 — The Wooden Tank 28 

g. 2— The Wooden Silo 28 

g. 1— The Table Factory 30 

g. 2 — (Store Fixtures, Interior Finish 30 

g. 1 — Boat Shop Interior 32 

g. 2 — Worcester County Shipyard 32 

g. 1 — The Wooden Schooner 34 

g. 2 — A Leading Industry 34 

g. 7 — Gun Stocks — Rough and Finished 36 

g. 2 — Brush Backs 36 

g. 1 — Rims and Hubs 38 

g. 2— ^Spokes and Hubs 38 

g. 1 — Novelties 40 

g. 2 — Toys 40 

g. 1 — From Mill and Factory Waste 46 

g. 2 — Close Utilization 46 

g. 1 — Expensive Waste 52 

g. 2 — Products from Mill Waste 52 

g. 1— Typical Mill Waste 58 

g. 2 — Saved from the Slab Pile 58 

g. 1 — Oak Boards 62 

g. 2 — Vehicle Stock 62 

g. 1 — The Veneer Slicer 68 

g. 2 — Tulip Poplar Veneer 68 

g. 1 — Douglas Fir Door 72 

g. 1 — Tamarack Knees 78 

g. 1— U. S. Uses for Wood 84 

g. 1— The Early Mill 88 

g. 2 — Red Oak Chair Stock 88 

g. 1 — Octagon Berry Box 94 

g. 1— The Better Sort of Office 98 



INTRODUCTION 



INTRODUCTION 



All intensive study of the wood-using industries of Maryland 
has been completed, and is presented in report form here. It covers 
one year, to September 1, 1916. This work is in line with the policy of 
the Maryland State Board of Forestry to extend actual co-operation 
and real assistance to all forest users of the State. There is probably 
no field where thorough investigation Avould develop more of actual 
interest and public value or offer a more intimate protrayal of Mary- 
land's essential industries. 

In 1909, the State Board of Forestry, in co-operation with the 
Federal Government, made a study of the wood-using industries of 
the State in operation at that time. This resulted in a report issued 
in 1910. A limited edition was published, and the demand which it 
created showed that further research along these lines could profitably 
be undertaken when opportunity offered. 

The data here presented was collected just prior to the disturb- 
ance of normal conditions generally through participation by this 
country in the war. Therefore, conditions set forth here are those 
of average times, and have a greater value than would have been the 
case for any subsequent period to now. 

Combined with "The Forests of Maryland," published in 1916, 
this report gives a complete, detailed record of forest conditions, 
timber production, and wood manufacture. It takes up more than 
a mere study of the amounts and varieties of woods employed in 
one industry and another, and it goes deeper than a census of 
forest industries. It shows not only what is used and why. but 
also prices demanded, consumption, production, factors of forest 
finance, conditions of employment in forest industries, and local 
significance of each forest use for every corner of the State. Manu- 
facturing is treated in detail, and waste in wood has been con- 
sidered practically. 

Some interesting facts are shown. The lumber cut in 1916 
amounted to 110,000,000 board feet, valued at approximately 



14 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

$1,850,000, while the quantity of lumber consumed by the wood- 
using industries was 345,000,000 feet, valued at $7,888,000. Mary- 
land distinctly stands out as a manufacturing State. Probably one 
of the most significant features in the report is the greating increas- 
ing use of woods that in the past have been considered of low 
quality and often too poor for manufacture. Red gum, beech, birch 
and red maple are among the varieties which have shown surpris- 
ing increase in consumption. Generally speaking, the first few 
varieties of wood in order of importance are much the same now as 
in 1909. Southern yellow pines, the oaks, cypress and tulip poplar 
are still leaders. Black gum shows surprisingly the result of in- 
creased demand, higher prices and diminishing forest areas. From 
a consumption of 85,000 board feet in 1909 in Maryland, 8,465,000 
feet of black gum aret now used annually in local forest industries. 
Other woods, that were called cheap, show also to some extent the 
same change. 

On the other hand, there have been some declines. Sycamore 
and cottonwood have almost dropped from the list, to so small an 
extent are they used. This is probably due to difficulty in securing 
them and the fact that other woods, more easily obtainable, will 
do as Avell or better. Hemlock, a tree once plentiful in the great 
forests of Western Maryland, was, in 1916, but twenty-first in the 
list of woods used. From 2,200,000 feet and the fourteenth place 
m 1909, it has now dropped to 890,000 board feet annually. This 
demonstrates very plainly that the original timber is gone from 
the forests of Maryland, and that improved handling and heavy 
planting, better methods and less waste become more ecessary 
with the passing of each year. Maryland, with nearly 300 distinctly 
wood-using industries, her 11,000 employees of these manufactories, 
and finished forest products aggregating millions, cannot afford to 
fail of encouraging by every practical means this source of constant 
profit and daily livelihood to much larger elements of the State than 
even appear from these figures. 

In this report, an occasional minor industry has been grouped 
with others, so that information personal to them and confidenti- 
ally obtained could in no way prove embarrassing in use, for it is 
desired that this report should be a real help to all of Maryland's 
forest owners and wood users, more especially those who have con- 
tributed so largely to make this work successful. Of several hundred 




PLATE II. FIG. 1 — THE BOX MILL. 

This plant — Worcester County, Md. — manufactures packages from loblolly pine. Large 

factories of this type use great amounts of yellow pine in making products 

of much value' and importance to the Eastern Shore. 




PLATE II. FIG. 2 — SHIPPING BOX SHOOKS. 

Worcester County, where this was taken, makes great quantities of crates and boxes, 

a large part of which reach market by the water route. 

Schooners often handle the shooks. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 15 

Maryland firms approached in this investigation, there were only two 
which were unwilling to co-operate, and genuine interest in the prac- 
tical features of this work has been apparent throughout the State. 

Particular thanks are due the United States Forest Service 
for illustrations, which add much to the value of the work. 

The data presented here is authoritative. It is localized, and it 
is new. As such, the book is recommended to those of Maryland 
who have an interest in the forests or their more important uses. 



PART I 



INDUSTRIES 




PLATE III. PIG. 1— SHOOKS. 

Softwood boxes and crates — sides, tops and bottoms — packed as shooks, are shown in 
the factory where they are made. 




PLATE III. FIG. 2-^BOXES. 
From card index containers to dry goods packages, some types are shown here. 



THE WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF 
MARYLAND 



The industries producing wood and timber maintain a greater 
number of establishments than any other in this State, and nor- 
mally there is but one industry in Maryland where the value of 
the products, and the number of dependent wage-earners, exceed 
those of the lumber business and allied trades. Together, they oper- 
ate 1,168 establishments and employ 16,790 men. They manufacture 
rough lumber (shingles, cooperage materials), finished lumber (sash, 
doors, blinds and interior finish) and wooden boxes. Additional 
operators produce ties, poles, posts and similar forest products, 
while those allied concerns which carry further the manufacture of 
these wood products include ship building, furniture, musical instru- 
ments, carriages, wagons and automobiles, cigar boxes, baskets, 
cooperage and miscellaneous manufactures. In explanation, it may 
be said that while the last-named industries do not use wood ex- 
clusively in making up their ouput, they supply products, neverthe- 
less, in which wood constitutes a large share of all the raw material 
converted. 

A thorough investigation begun in 1909 by the Maryland State 
Board of Forestry and the United States Forest Service disclosed 
that Maryland wood-using or manufacturing industries then in 
operation were annually converting into finished products 284,346,985 
feet of raw material in the shape of rough lumber. Twenty per 
cent., approximately, was State-grown, and 80 per cent, supplied from 
States and countries outside. By 1916, Maryland was producing but 
17 per cent, of the total, and other changes will appear as the two 
investigations are compared. Total wood consumption, for instance, 
rose in this short time 21 per cent. Average cost has gone from 
$20.67 per thousand board feet to $22.86. 

Maryland manufacturers of wood were then, in 1909, deriving 
their supplies of this commodity from 34 different States and 13 
foreign countries. Twenty-six of the 54 species of wood reported 



20 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 1 SUMMARY BY INDUSTRIES OP WOOD USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 



19. 



Boxes and crates, 
packing 

Planing mill pro- 
ducts 

Tanks and silos, 
cooperage ._. 

Car construction.. '. 

Furniture — 

Ship and boat 

building 

Baskets .... 

Fixtures 

Caskets and coffins 
Brushes 



Vehicles and vehicle 
parts 

Picture frames and 
mouldings 

Instruments, musi- 
cal 

Boxes, cigar 

Woodenware and 
novelties 



Toys 

Portable houses 

Trunks , valises. 

luggage 

Molds and patterns 



Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 



34,228,000 

5,789,000 

4,580,000 

525,000 

3,011,000 



3,004,000 
4,570,000 
1,641,000 



11,000 



255,000 



Totals 



United 
States. 



136,273,000 

74,866,000 

14,780,000 
14,790,000 
11,786,000 



9,160,000 
2,015,000 
3,689,000 
4,800,000 
4,500,000 



3.163,000 
2,343,000 



U 



284,000 



235.000 
213.000 



Foreign, 



39.000 

rs.ooo 



284,874,000 



118,000 



40,000 
370,000 



,000 



452,000 



1,000 



101.000 
332,000 



1.473.000 



Total 
Bd. Ft. 



170,501,000 

80,773,000 

19,360,000 
15,355,000 
15,167,000 



12,200,000 
6,585,000 
5,782,000 
4,800,000 
4.500,000 



4,304,000 
2,343,000 



1,510,000 
737.000 



Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 



562,000 



235,000 
213.000 



99,000 

75,000 



S45.101.O00 



1.2 



100 



Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 



$14.92 



33.50 
33.40 
37.68 



31.03 
19.40 
42.60 
48.33 
20.89 



27.04 
32 43 



53.63 
168.51 



30.82 



20.04 
25.69 



23.18 
31.67 



$22.86 



Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory, 



$2,543,705 

2,101,855 

649,126 
513,217 
571,559 



378,533 
127,780 
246,308 
232,000 
94,000 



116,373 
75.975 



80,976 
124, 19J 



17,320 



4,710 
5,473 



2,295 
2,375 



$7,887,770 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 21 

as used came in part from Maryland, the largest representation 
of species in other States occurring in Virginia, with 24, West 
Virginia with 20 and Pennsylvania with 15. In 1916 just 27 States 
appear, with the addition of the Philippines. The States of Con- 
necticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire. 
Oklahoma and Texas are not now given by manufacturers as the 
source of wood supplies, and when the relatively small size of the 
New England and Middle Atlantic States among this number, and 
the length of time during which their standing timber has been ex- 
ploited and sold, are considered, it is not so surprising that they 
are no longer generally continuing as lumber exporters. Two new 
States, however, appear in the list of 1916 which were not in that 
of seven years before, they being, namely, Idaho and Illinois. The 
amount of wood from Illinois is not, of course, large, but increas- 
ing amounts of pines are being sent East from Idaho and other far- 
Western States. All those from which Maryland is now drawing 
supplies of wood are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, 
Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, 
North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ten- 
nessee, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Those 
given in italics are regarded as particularly important, The for- 
eign countries from which this State also receives importations of 
timber are Africa, Brazil, Canada, the East Indies, Honduras, India, 
Mexico, Russia, San Domingo, Turkey and the West Indies. Among 
these the names of Australia, Ceylon and France no longer appear, 
while the East Indies and San Domingo are additions since the list 
of 1909. Those which are given are the foreign lands from which 
Maryland imports of wood are normally drawn ; probably less than 
half of them are carrying on any traffic with the State as this 
report is written. 

The various wood-using plants which at present constitute this 
industry in Maryland are not evenly distributed over the State 
as a whole, but rather restricted to three principal centers: Balti- 
more, Salisbury, and Hagerstown. In the State, Baltimore leads, 
of course; Salisbury, in Wicomico County, on the Eastern Shore, 
takes second place in the State in importance of its wood-using 
industries ; Hagerstown, . in Washington County, is the principal 
center of the wood-manufacturing industry in Western Maryland, 



22 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

in addition to ranking third in the State. Several things have 
naturally determined the centering of these establishments. In 
the case of Baltimore these reasons are very obvious — labor, markets,, 
means of transportation and adequate facilities of every sort imme- 
diately at hand. For Hagerstown also the reasons are quite 
apparent, since it possesses, next to the section just mentioned, the 
finest railway transportation of any section of the State. 
Washington County itself has the second largest county mileage in 
steam and electric roads, and Hagerstown, at its center is reached 
by a network of lines from points outside. This unusual accessibility 
by rail also tends to promote conditions of labor and the supply of 
laborers, while a further advantage which should not be under- 
valued lies in the large supplies of wood and timber which are 
constantly being cut in the mountain country to the west, not only 
in the two Maryland counties of Garrett and Allegany, but in the 
adjoining States of Pennsylvania and "West Virginia. Incidentally, 
the timber purchased locally in the Hagerstown valley, because of 
the favorable conditions under which it grows, is of exceptional 
grade and adaptability. 

Salisbury possesses decided advantages in combined water and 
rail shipment. It is convenient to the pine-producing centers of 
the Southern seaboard, from which is drawn the great builk of its 
rough lumber for manufacture, and Wicomico County itself has 
woodland aggregating 46 per cent, of its total area. It is nearby 
other counties with still larger areas of timber, all conducive to 
supplying material for industries of far-reaching importance. 

As was pointed out in the early part of the chapter, the in- 
dustries producing wood, with those manufacturing products of 
wood and therefore dependent to a certain extent upon the forest 
resources, together represent various business and industrial activity 
of State-wide magnitude. They are industries which we could 
hardly be without, and which we could therefore afford to per- 
petuate. In this connection a glance at the annual cut, yearly 
growth and present stand of the timber in Maryland is quite re- 
vealing. It is probable that the average annual increment of wood 
per acre for all the forests of the State cannot exceed 15 cubic- 
feet. The total growth, upon the basis of this consumption, is 
33.420,690 cubic feet; the annual cut is at present 46.949,181 cubic 




PLATE IV. FIG. 1— DORCHESTER PLANING MILL. 

Boxes and planing- mill products lead locally. This Hurlock mill is typical of the 
modern, effective plant usually found. 





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PLATE IV 



FIG. 



-INTERIOR FINISH, OF CHESTNUT. 



This picture demonstrates that blighted chestnut is good for something, and that this 
wood deserves wide use in finishing, fixtures, and planing mill products. 



"Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



23 



TABLE 2 MEN EMPLOYED IN MARYLAND, BY INDUSTRIES. 



Industry. 



Baltimore. 



No. 

Men. 



No. 
Plants. 



1. Shi]» and boat building 

2. Boxes and crates, 

packing 

3. Planing mill ptoduets. 

4. Furniture 

5. Instruments, musical.. 



and vehicle 



6. Vehicles 

parts 

7. Brushes . 

8. Car construction. 

9. Baskets 

10. Fixtures 



1,901 

1,188 
942 
716 



509 
200 
260 
25 
306 



Balance of State. 



No. 

Men. 



173 

646 
415 
575 
275 



75 
350 
200 
356 



No. 
Plants. 



Total for State. 



No. 
Men. 



2,074 

1,834 

1,357 

1,291 

903 



584 
550 
460 
381 
372' 



No. 

Plants. 



Tanks and silos, 

cooperage 

Woodenware and 

novelties 

Toys ... 

Boxes, cigar 

Caskets and coffins 



and 



16 Picture frames 

mouldings 

17 Portable houses 

18. Trunks, valises, lug- 

gage 

19. Molds and patterns.. 



175 
175 
165 
115 



The State . 

Average men per plant. 
*Total firms listed 



7,621 
44 



164 




* 282 represents total wood-using industries in Maryland. 
330 also represents the 282 firms, some of which, however, manufacture more than one 
wood product, and are therefore divided accordingly and indicated more than once. 



21 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

feet,, and the amount of timber now standing 317,871,408 cubic feet. 
The annual growth is but 71 per cent, of the total production, which 
in turn amounts yearly to 15 per cent, of the whole. Very little 
reflection or calculation is necessary to indicate that timber is be- 
ing cut much faster than it is grown. It is a good deal of a certainty 
that the annual cut will not appreciably diminish for some time to 
come, and it is equally sure that under the present conditions and 
prevalent methods the annual growth will not be greatly increased. 

There is but one practical solution, and that is more efficiency 
in forest management and greater care in the removal of the crop. 
Through the former there is little doubt that in a comparatively 
few years' time the production of Maryland forests might be raised 
100 per cent, The Board has studied this phase of State forestry 
very carefully. It has already assisted several hundred local timber 
OAvners to regulate their cut. secure sale of products and augment 
their production. But these hundreds should be thousands, and the 
Board is fully prepared to undertake such problems in every portion 
of the State at the instance of any woodland owner. 

Better management means increased production ; with increased 
production there will follow increase of manufacturing. Improved 
methods, beginning in the woodlot or larger tract of forest land., 
will extend and be felt through the whole field of production and 
operation, and with those conditions put in effect, the wood-using 
industries of Maryland, already of commanding importance, should 
steadily advance in value and give employment to even greater 
numbers. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 25 



TRANSPORTATION, MARKETS AND GENERAL CONDITIONS 

IN THE LUMBERING AND WOOD-MANUFACTURING 

INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND. 

Transportation. Waterways. — Maryland's total area is 12,210 
miles, of which. 2,319 square miles, or 19 per cent., is water. The 
great area in waterways is made up of 1,203 square miles in the 
Chesapeake Bay proper, 93 in Chincoteague Bay and 1,023 in other 
estuaries. From the lower end of the Chesapeake, where the Mary- 
land State line runs from below Somerset County, on the east, to 
Smith Point, Northumberland County, Virginia, on the west, it is 
approximately 130 miles up the center of the Bay to its end in Cecil 
County. It is a great waterway, the largest inlet on the Atlantic 
Coast of the United States. At the entrance it is 12 miles across, 
later broadening to an average width of 20 miles, and a maximum 
of 10. 

The Eastern and Western Shores of Maryland are veritably 
honeycombed by navigable, tide-water streams, while the Potomac 
River, one of the most important, follows the southern and south- 
western boundaries of Maryland throughout. As far as Washington 
it is navigable by steam vessels, and from there by smaller boats 
and barges to Chain Bridge, near the District line. These water- 
ways give Maryland an enormous amount of deep-water transpor- 
tation. They were important factors in the State's settlement, and 
they are as invaluable now. 

Natural facilities for water transportation are also supple- 
mented by several which are artificial. A canal, the Chesapeake 
and Delaware, connects the upper Chesapeake with Delaware River; 
another runs from Georgetown, near Washington, to Cumberland. 
in Western Maryland. The latter, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 
is an old and important link in the State's waterways, for this 
idea, of connecting the Potomac at tide-water with the nearest point 
attainable to the headwaters of the Ohio, originated with George 
Washington before he became President. It is 185 miles in length. 
and fed throughout by the Potomac River. 

Railroads and Highways. — There are over 1,400 miles of rail- 
way in Maryland, including the Annapolis Short Line ; Baltimore. 



26 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

Chesapeake & Atlantic; Baltimore & Ohio; Chesapeake Beach; Cum- 
berland Valley; Cumberland & Pennsj'lvania ; Emmitsburg; George's 
Creek & Cumberland ; Hagerstown & Frederick ; Jennings Bros. ; 
Maryland, Delaware & Virginia; Maryland & Pennsylvania; New 
York, Philadelphia & Norfolk ; Norfolk & Western ; Northern Central ; 
Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington; Washington. 
Baltimore & Annapolis; Washington, Potomac & Chesapeake; and 
Western Maryland systems. 

In addition, there are 1,500 miles of State roads improved 
with shell, concrete, and macadam, forming main lines of traffic, 
and connecting all of the county seats. Facilities are ample in 
nearly every district not accessible by the water route, and in many 
parts boat and train service are combined to give adequate shipping 
advantages. There should not be a section of Maryland, from the 
truck gardens of the Eastern Shore to the mountain woodlands of 
Western Maryland, which is inaccessible to the great markets near 
at hand. 

Markets. — Maryland is a State possessing to a- great degree the 
undoubted advantage of markets which are numerous well distributed 
and profitable. Within a radius of 190 miles of Baltimore City are 
New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Richmond and Wilmington, 
cities which, taken with Baltimore, include more than 8 per cent, of 
the country's total population. 

It is also noteworthy that these great markets, without ex- 
ception, are available by water as well as by rail. Were these 
advantages and the existing means of transportation not enough, 
the State itself has within its borders several relatively important 
markets and centers of distribution. Baltimore, in Central Mary- 
land ; Salisbury, Pocomoke City, Cambridge, Easton and others on 
the Eastern Shore ; Cumberland, Hagerstown and Frederick, in 
Western Maryland, are all centers of wood-manufacturing plants 
which depend, to some extent, upon local forest supplies. 

Certain products, particularly in an unmanufactured state, find 
their way to these and other points for distribution, and lum- 
ber and lath, with cordwood and charcoal, have their greatest demand 
in the larger communities. There are markets in Maryland which 
are available to all the forest products of the State. These markets 
have shown consistent growth, though still susceptible of profitable- 
development. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



27 



INDUSTRIES. 

Boxes and Crates. 

Nearly one-half of the wood used in all industries — 49 per 
cent. — went into boxes, crates and packing. Of this, 20 per cent, 
was home-grown. This industry used the lowest grade of wood of 
any, the average price per thousand being less than $15. Sixteen 
different kinds of wood were reported, but yellow pine constituted 
by far the largest amount used — 91 per cent. The industry is 
confined largely to Baltimore City and to the Eastern Shore penin- 
sula. In the latter, the sides, tops and bottoms of the boxes are 
cut into shape and assembled, but shipped for convenience in a 



TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. 













Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




Mary- 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


Per M 


Cost 


Kind of Wood. 


land. 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of- 
Whole. 


at Fac- 
tory. 


F. 0. B. 
Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 


33,898,000 


120,932,000 




154,830,000 


91 


$14.80 


$2,291,341 


2. Black gum 


70,000 


7,400,000 




7,470,000 


4 


13.30 


99,380 


3. Red maple 





1,500,000 




1,500,000 


1 


18.00 


27,000 


4. Tulip poplar 




1,394,000 




1,394,000 


1 


16.37 


22,816 


5. Red gum 


75,000 


1,300,000 




1,375,000 


1 


15.37 


21,130 


6. Basswood — _ 




1,355,000 




1,355,000 


.7 


19.83 


26,875 


7. Cypress 




1,025,000 




1,025,000 


.5 


16.46 


16,875 


8. E. white pine 





805,000 




805,000 


.5 


26.07 


20,983 


9. Chestnut 


180,000 


75,000 




255,000 


.1 


15.39 


3,925 


10. W. white pine 




200,000 




200,000 


.1 


25.00 


5,000 


U. Cotton gum 




175,000 




175,000 


.1 


29.86 


5,225 


12. Oak species 


5,000 


60,000 





65,000 




14.46 


940 


13. Red cedar 





27,000 




27,000 




40.00 


1,080 


14. Cucumber 





15,000 




15,000 




39.00 


585 


15. Hard maple 




5,000 




5,000 




80.00 


400 


16. Cottonwood 




5,000 




5,000 




30.00 


150 


Totals 


34,228,000 


136,273,000 




170,501,000 


100 


$14.92 


$2,543,706 





28 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



knocked-down state, called box shooks, Tiie user nailing them to- 
gether. Those made in Baltimore are mostly of the set-up kind 
ready for use,, such as are demanded by the manufacturers of 
merchandise. For packing provisions woods such as gum, maple 
and tulip poplar, which do not impart an odor to the contents, 
are preferred. White pine is the favorite for canned goods and 
merchandise. 

Planing Mill Products. 

This industry used 23 per cent, of all the wood employed by 
Maryland manufacturers, and the total cost of the material at the 
factory was nearly equal to that of boxes and crates, the highest 

TABLE 4 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED LN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 
PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. 



Kind of Wood. 



10. 



Tulip poplar. 

Chestnut 

W. white pine 

Hemlock 

Hard maple 



Mary- 
land. 



1. S. yellow pines 4,6G7,000 

2. Cypress 

3. Oak species 

4. E. white pine — 

5. Basswood 



United 
States. 



53,940,000 
7,955,000 



Foreign. 



592,000 3,506,000; 
89,000' 2,3O7,000l 

; 2,100,000! 



10,000 



108,000; 
131,000! 



11. Eastern spruce : 

12. Red gum 

13. Douglas fir 

14'. Mahogany 

15. Birch species ! 



50,000 



90,000 



1,221,000 

1,193,000; 
705,000 
640,000; 
432,0O0| 



Total 
Bd. Ft. 



Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 



395 
77 
155 



108,000 



58,607,000 
7,955,000j 
4,098,000; 
2,4O6,O0O| 
2,100,000! 

1,329,000 

1,324,000 

705,000; 

090,000' 

432,000| 

395,000 
167,000 
155,000 
108,000 
88,000 



A v. Cost Total 
Per M ; Cost 
at Fac- | F. O. B. 
tory. Factory. 



$20.97 $1,228,862- 

37.83, 300,965 

36.97 151,515 

60.98 146,718 
32.30 67,840 



37.36 


49,654 


35.20 


46,011 


40.39 


2S.475 


18.41 1 


12,700 


32.75, 


14,150 


33.37! 


13,180 


22.84 


3,815 


48.55 


7,525 


L40.97J 


15,225 


51.14 


4,540 



16. Black gum 


30,000 


30,000 




60,000 




35.00; 


2,100 


17. Black walnut 


25,000 


25,000 j 50,000 




63.00, 


3,2.50 


18. Sugar pine 




50,000! 


50,000 





45.00 


2,250 


19. Ash species 





40,000 


40,000 


36.251 


1,450 


20. Wild black cherry- 


7,000 


6,000j 


13,000 


75.00: 


975 






1,000 


1,000| 


55.00! 


55 












Totals 


5,789,000 


74,866,000 


118,000 


80,773,000 


100 


$26.02' 


$2,101,855 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



29 



of all industries, and it was also next to that in value. Yellow 
pine constitutes 73 per cent, of the amount used, while cypress 
was 10 per cent. In all, 21 different woods were used, but only 7 per 
cent, were home-grown. Nearly one-third of the lumber production 
of the United States is demanded by this industry. 

Tanks and Silos, Cooperage. 

This industry used thirteen different kinds of wood and 6 per 
cent, of all the woods consumed by manufacturers. Yellow pine 
heads the list with 54 per cent., oak 29 per cent., Douglas fir 10 per 
cent. The average cost was $33 . 50 per thousand, California redwood 
costing the most, while black gum and ash were the lowest-priced 
woods. Twenty-four per cent, of the amount used was home- 
grown. The quantity of Western wood is notable, since Douglas fir 
constituted 10 per cent, of the total amount of wood used. For 
this class of manufacture, straight-grained, durable woods are 
required. 



TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

TANKS AND SILOS, COOPERAGE, 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 
F. 0. B. 
Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Oak species 


2,380,000 
1,933,000 


8,037,000 

3,634,000 

2,000,000 

470,000 

300,000 

132,000 




10,417,000 

5,567,000 

2,000,000 

470,000 

300,000 

265,000 

134,000 

100,000 

63,000 

20,000 

10,000 
7,000 
7,000 


54 
29 
10 
2.5 

i 

l 
l 

.5 


$29.07 
41.81 
31.50 
45.32 
36.50 

25.44 
29.89 
45.50 
33.33 
15.00 

15.00 
32.00 
32.00 


$302,817 

232,764 

63,000 

21,30;) 

10,950 

6,742 


4. Cypress 

5. E. white pine 

6. Red gum _ 


133,000 
134,000 




4,005 

4,550 

2,100 

300 

150 
224 
224 


8. Redwood 

9. American elm 

10. Ash species 

11. Black gum.-.i. 

12. Beech 

13. Hickory species 


100,000 
03,000 
20,000 

10,000 
7,000 
7,000 




4,580,000 


14,780,000 




19,360,000 


100 


$33.50 


$649,126 







30 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Cooperage includes two classes of barrels and kegs— tight cooper- 
age comprises barrels and kegs used as liquid containers and requires 
the higher grade of material, such as oak, Douglas fir, cypress and 
redwood ; while what is known as slack cooperage includes barrels for 
dry articles, as flour, sugar, apples, potatoes, and kegs for holding 
nails, bolts, horse shoes, etc, 

Manufacturers of slack cooperage are likely to enjoy good mar- 
kets and steady trade indefinitely. For some time, due to a variety 
of obvious reasons, the tight cooperage industry has suffered. Now, 
with containers of alcoholic liquids in ever- diminishing demand. 
there is in many centers an actual crisis for the makers of tight 
barrels and kegs. This is something Avhich the manufacturer 
can hardly alter. He can hope only for changed trade conditions, 
or himself convert his business to conform to other and keener 
demands. 

Car Construction. 

"Wood is largely being displaced by metal in the construction 
of cars, but even with the large substitution a considerable amount 



TABLE 



SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 
SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 
CAR CONSTRUCTION. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 
at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 






9,890,000 

2,562,00o! 


9,890,000 

3,087,000 

800,000 

600,000 

535,000 

200,000 
100,000 
80,000 
40,000 
12,000 

10,000 
1,000 


64.5 
20 , 

5.5 

4 

3.5 

1.5 
.5 

.5 


$32.44 
24.03 
60.00 
35.67 
46.82 

26.00 
50.00 
50.00 
200.00 
26.00 

120.00 
35.00 


$320,830 
74,190 




525,000 


3. Tulip poplar 




800,000 
600,000 
535,000 

200,000 
100,000 
80,000 

12,000 

10,000 
1,000 




40,000 


48,000 
21,400 
25,050 

5,200 


5. Cypress 





7. E. white pine 





5,000 

4,000 

8,000 

312 


9. Mahogany 









1,200 
35 


12. Hard maple 





Totals 


525,000 


14,790,000 


40,000 


15,355,000 


100 


$33.40 


$513,217 






PLATE VI. FIG. 1 — THE TABLE FACTORY. 

Manufacture of first-class wooden tables is an important branch in Maryland 

furniture-making. 




PLATE VI. FIG. 2 — STORE FIXTURES, INTERIOR FINISH. 
Divers products made of many woods come from the planing- mill and fixture shops. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



31 



of wood is used. Maryland manufacturers reported 12 different 
kinds of wood, of which yellow pine constituted 64.5 per cent, and 
oak 20 per cent. The average cost was comparatively low — $33 per 
thousand. Only 3.5 per cent, of that used was State-grown. Yellow 
pine, because of its abundance, lightness of weight and good working 
qualities^ was used largely for tops and sides of box ears, while oak 
was most extensively used for framing. Small quantities of other 
woods were used for the interior finish of coaches. 

Furniture. 

Seventeen different woods were used, of which oak constituted 
51 per cent, and tulip poplar 13.5 per cent. Oak is in demand be- 
cause of its hardness, beauty of grain, capacity for high polish 
and good working qualities. Tulip poplar is largely used for drawers. 



TABLE 7, SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

FURNITURE 



Kind of Wood 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


; Foreign. 

i - 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M 

at Fac- 
tory. 


! Total 
Cost 
F. 0. B. 
Factory. 


1 Oak species ... ... 

2 Tulip poplar _. .. 

3 Chestnut .. 


2,161,000 

300,000 
410,000 


6,034,000 

1,727,000 

702,000 ._ .--. 
074, (XX) 

505,000 . 

484, 000 j 

353,000i 


8, 195, (XX) 

2,027,000 

1,112,000 

974,000 

505,000 

484,000 
475,000 
343,000 
30.5,000 
300,000 

180,000 
90,000 
65,000 
62,000 
35,000 

12,000 

3,000 


54 

13.5 
7.5 
6.5 
3.5 

3 
3 

2.5 

2 

2 

1 

.5 
.5 
.5 


$37.82' $309,901 
48.09 97,486 
20 02 22,927 


4 Hard maple 

5 Red maple ... 

6- Basswood _... 




25.00: 24,354 
29.90 15,100 

24.89i 12,047 


? Red gum 


122,000 


29.33 13,933 


8. Beech . 




343,000 


305., 000 


22.13 7,589 

129. 83j 39,597 

28.00 8.400 




300,000 

180,000 
90,000 


65,000 


11. Birch species 

12. Black gum 





26.33 
20 00 


4,740 
1 .800 


8,000 

7,000 
3,000 


153.85 10.000 


14. Ash species 

15. S. yellow pines 

16. Black walnut 

17. Wild black cherry- 


54,000 
35,000 

5,000 


21.94 
22.57 

121 .67 

25.00 


1,360 
790 

1,460 
75 


Totals -. 


3,011,000 


11,786,000 


370,000 


15,167,000 


100 


$37.68 


$571,559 





32 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



shelves, etc. Nearly 20 per cent, of the wood used was Maryland- 
grown, including all of the cherry, most of the black walnut and a 
large part of the oak and chestnut. 

Ship and Boat Building. 

ShiD and boat building' has long been an important industry in 
Maryland because of the large water area of the State included in the 
Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. All classes of wooden boats 
are built, from small pleasure boats to large barges. Fifteen different 
woods were used by manufacturers, of which white pine constituted 
64 per cent., with oak the next in amount — 26 per cent. The aver- 
age price paid was $31 per thousand feet, the range being from $20 
per thousand for red gum to $350 for teak. The expensive woods, 
such as teak, mahogany and lignum-vitae, were used in interior finish 
of expensive pleasure boats, while yellow pine and oak were the chief 
woods used in freight vessls. 



TABLE. 8- 



•SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 
SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 
at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Oak species 

3. Eastern spruce 

4. Douglas fir 

5. Cedar species 

6. Western spruce 

7. Cypress 


85,000 
2,869,000 


7,714,000 
342,000 
435,000 
205,000 
148,000 

100,000 
85,000 
69,000 
55,000 


15,000 

12,000 

9,000 


7,799,000 

3,211,000 

435,000 

205,000 

148,000 

100,000 
85,000 
69,000 
55,000 
50,000 

15,000 
12,000 
9,000 

5,000 
2,000 


64 
26 

4 
2 
1 

1 
.7 
.5 
.4 
.4 


$28.57 
33.45 
21.84 
27.56 
43.89 

35.00 
62.41 
75 17 
55.21 
20.00 

216.67 

156.25 

350.00 

50.00 

42.00 


$222,835 

107,414 

9,500 

5,650 




6,496 





3,500 
5,305 
5,187 


9. Tulip poplar 




3,037 


50,000 


1,000 


11. Mahogany 

12. Lignum-vitae 

13. Teak 


5,000 
2,000 


3,250 

1,875 
3,150 

250 


15. Hard maple 




84 


Totals 


3,004,000 


9,160,000 


36,000 


12,200,000 


100 


$51.03 


$378,533 








PLATE VII. FIG. 1— BOAT SHOP INTERIOR. 

In small boats and large ships, wood is filling a need again. It is not only handy for 
pleasure craft; the all-wood boat once more follows the ocean lanes. 




Ijtim 



i^W^Si 



«£.. ,- m 



'- N? 



PLATE VII. FIG. 2— WORCESTER COUNTY SHIPYARD. 

Shipbuilding is coming into its own again, and Maryland has its share. The wooden 

bottom is now in demand. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



33 



Boat building, once of prime importance to Maryland, as indeed 
to many other seaboard States, is now coming into its own again. 
Baltimore firms which but two or three years ago did a very small 
amount of repair work— chiefly, too, on vessels of other nations — 
are at present making tremendous strides, and show phenomenal 
growth. In part, it is a product of the war, but America is 
naturally a ship-constructing nation, and this industry seems likely 
not only to continue as it is, but indeed to register still higher 
records. 

Baskets. 

• The basket business is an important one in Maryland because of the 
large quantity used by the truckers in shipping their products. In 
fact, Maryland is one of the leaders of the Atlantic seaboard in 
baskets. The baskets are made from thin pieces of wood, cut on 
veneer machines; and in the case of round baskets, the tops and 
bottoms are generally made of pine. Red gum is the favorite wood 
for baskets and constitutes 70 per cent, of all the wood used. 
Eighty-five per cent, of this was home-grown, and 70 per cent, of 
all wood used was grown in Maryland. The average cost was $19 . 40 
per thousand feet for crates and packing boxes. 



TABLE 9 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916.* 
BASKETS 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Red gum 


3,935,000 
260,000 
160,000 

25,000 

5,000 
75,000 
100,000 

10,000 


665,000 
230,000 
250,000 
340,000 
275,000 

155,000 
80,000 

20,000 




4,600,000 
490,000 
410,000 
340,000 
300,000 

160,000 
155,000 
100,000 
20,000 
10,000 


70 
7.5 
6 
5 
4.5 

2.5 
2.5 
1.5 

.5 


$17.61 
17.09 
17.20 
36.40 
22.83 

21.78 
26.77 
15.50 
37.50 
17.00 


$80,995 


2. Tulip poplar 

3. Black gum _ 

4. Hard maple 

5. American elm. 

6. Beech 


8,375 
7,050 
12,375 
6,850 

5,515 


7. Red maple 


4,150 


8. S. yellow pine 

9. Birch species 

10. Basswood _*. 


1,550 

750 
170 








Totals 


4,570,000 


2,015,000 




6, 585 ,.000 


100 


$19.40 


$127,780 







Does not include willow withes. 



34 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Fixtures. 

It is difficult in some cases to distinguish between and separate 
fixtures from the products of furniture manufactories. Fixtures 
in this report constitute such furnishings of stores, saloons, lodge 
and club rooms, offices and churches as are not usually movable. 
This industry used only 2 per cent, of wood consumed. Of the 
amount used, 28 per cent, was Maryland grown, although of the two 
principal species given — oak and locust — over half of the former 
and all of the latter were home-grown. Chestnut, the next wood 
in importance and widely distributed in the State, was all imported. 
The average cost of the woods is $42.60 per thousand feet, which 
is comparatively low for the grade of material required. The low 
cost, however, is due to the fact that locust, which constituted 



TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

FIXTURES. 













Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




Mary- 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


Per M 


Cost 


Kind of Wood. 


land. 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 
Whole. 


at Fac- 
tory. 


F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Oak species ... 


540,000 


911,000 




1,451,000 


25. 


$33.80 


$49,050 


2. Locust 


1,075,000 








1,075,000 


18.5 


9.30 


10,000 


3. Chestnut 




7x5,000 
510,000 
498,000 




.725,000 
510,000 
498,000 

435,000 


12 5 


27 43 


19,887 
15,400 








9 




5. Tulip poplar 






9 


41 58 


6. Birch species 




435,000 




8 


46.90 


20.40D 


7. Mahogany 







377,000 


377,000 


6 


134.28 


50,625 






118,000 
117,000 




118,000 
118,000 






3,656 
13,893 


9. Black walnut 


1,000 




2 


117.71 


10. Black gum _ 





105,000 




105,000 


2 


35.00 


3,675 


11. Hard maple 




90,000 




90,000 




50.00 
45.00 
35.00 


4,500 
2,475 
1,955 


12. Red gum 








13. R«d maple 





55,000 




55,000 




14. Circassian walnut. 








50,000 


50,000 




325.00 


16,2.-0 


15. Cypress 





45,000 




45,000 




45.00 


2,625 


16. Wild black cherry. 


25,000 


15,000 




40,000 


.5 


61.88 


2,475 


17. Rosewood 








25,000 


25,000 




350.00 


8,750 


18. E. white pine 





10,000 




10,000 




65.00 


650 


Totals 


1,641,000 


3,689,000 


452 ,000 


5,782,000 


100 


$42.60 


$246,308 






PLATE VIII 



THE WOODEN SCHOONER. 



The building of wooden ships is not yet a lost art; in fact, it promises again to be 

live and growing industry. 




PLATE VIII. FIG. 2 — A LEADING INDUSTRY 



The days of the Baltimore clipper are past, but its successor is requiring daily more 

material and men. Huge yards are going up. Wood enters every 

craft, sometimes little else. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



35 



18.5 per cent, of the amount of wood used, cost less than any other 
wood utilized by Maryland manufacturers in any industry. This 
was purchased in the log and was used largely in the manufacture 
of insulator pins. 

Caskets and Coffins. 

Six different woods were reported by Maryland manufacturers 
as going into rough boxes, caskets, and coffins. Tulip poplar and 
buckeye constitute 42 per cent., followed closely by white pine, 
chestnut, basswood and oak. White the amount of wood used by 
the industry was comparatively small, the cost per thousand was 
relatively high— $48 . 33 per thousand— due to the quality demanded. 
Of these six woods that were used none were State-grown. 



TABLE 11 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 
CASKETS AND COFFINS. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 
at Fac- 
tory. . 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Tulip poplar 

2. Yellow buckeye 

3. E. white pine 

4. Chestnut 

b. Basswood 

6. Oak species 





1,000,000 

1,000,000 

750,000 

750,000 

700,000 

600,000 





1,000,000 

1,000,000 

750,000 

750,000 

700,000 

600,000 


21 

21 

15.5 

16.5 

14.5 


$60.00 
50.00 
33.00 
35.00 
50.00 

60.00 


§60,000. 
50,000 
24,750 
26,250 
35,000 

36,003 


Totals 





4,800,000. 4,800,000 100 


$48.33 


$232,000 



Brushes. 

Brush-making in Maryland centers in two places, Baltimore and 
Frederick. At both there are manufacturers of considerable import- 
ance, and their product is one which is sold in all parts of the 
country and world. 

The production of wooden brush-backs, and of high-quality 
brushes of all sorts, is specialized. Intricate machinery, skilled 
workers and numerous kinds of raw materials are requisites for 
a large output. The fibres of which the bristles are fashioned are 



36 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



of vegetable growths gathered in all parts of the world, from Mexico 
and tropical America to the islands of the East Indies. 

In Baltimore, but little manufacturing is done outside of 
brush-backs. For these beech exclusively is used. But in Frederick 
there is a tremendous output of finished brushes in very great variety, 
and for it beech, birch and maple are used in considerable amount. 
A grade of No. 2 common is usually employed, and practically all 
of the wooden brush material that is manufactured in Maryland is 
cut in West Virginia. 



TABLE 12 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 
BRUSHES. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. v 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent, 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Beech .._.. 

2. Birch species 

3. Hard maple 


~I~" 


3,500,000 
500,000 
500,000 




3,500,000 
500,000 
500,000 


78 
11 
11 


$20.50 
21.00 
23.50 


$71,750 
10,500 
11,750 


Totals 




4,500,000 




4,500,000 


100 


$20.89 


$94,000 



This industry is an interesting one, and one which show T s little 
wood w T aste, something still sufficiently of a novelty to gain attention. 
Sizes and shapes in bruslubacks are widely diversified, of course. 
Large material is shaped and cut in styles suitable for floor and 
scrubbing brushes, mop blocks and handles. Smaller stuff is readily 
converted into dowels and even corn-popper handles, and, of course, 
the greater part goes into the backs of small brushes. For brushes 
cover a large field, and in Maryland practically every sort is made, 
ranging from the large size suitable for swabbing up the deck of a 
battleship to that which is an adjunct to the toilet table. Maryland 
brushes stand high in the country-wide trade, and command an ex- 
panding market. 

Vehicles and Vehicle Parts. 

This includes both motor and horse-drawn vehicles. Of the 
13 different woods reported by the industry, hickory constituted 




PLATE IX. FIG. 1— GUN STOCKS— ROUGH AND FINISHED. 

This product, needed through recent events as never before, requires high grades of 
American and Circassian walnut. Supply has not kept pace with demand. 

































* ? **.**»1 








■11 1 


il^'^l 


'* tmHBBI 




y&+m 


'•>■*♦* 1 


■r «^,»/^H 




§§ 1 


n \ 


ft:": ;*:'*:■ 


e II 


m*~ 


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PLATE IX. FIG. 2— BRUSH BACKS. 

These backs — of beech, birch and maple — are ready for insertion of the bristles, 
industry is important to Maryland, and uses much hardwood of good quality. 



The 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



37 



nearly 75 per cent, of the total amount used, followed by oak — 
19 per cent. — with tulip poplar and ash in smaller proportion. 
Hickory is a favorite wood for spokes, rims and gear parts, followed 
closely by white oak, with tulip poplar the chief wood for bodies of 
wagons, carriages and automobiles, and ash in use extensively for 
frame parts. Ked gum is often substituted for tulip poplar in body 
parts. Elm and black gum are extensively used in hubs. Beech, 
cypress, basswood and yellow pine enter largely into the construction 
of wagon beds. 



TABLE 13- 



• SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 
SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
Stages. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent, 
of 

Whole. 


Av.Coat 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O.B. 

Factory. 


1. Hickory 


615,000 

487,000 

4,000 

19,000 

15,000 


2,589,000 

333,000 

102,000 

39,000 

30,000 

10,000 
22,000 
15,000 
12,000 
8,000 

2,000 
1,000 


1,000 


3,204,000 
820,000 
106,000 
58,000 
30,000 

25,000 

22,000 

15,000 

12,000 

8,000 

2,000 
1,000 
1,000 


74.5 

19 
2.5 
1.6 
.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.3 
.2 


$24.05 
30.45 
71.80 
56.72 
28.00 

10.00 
22.73 
24.00 
70.00 
30.00 

40.00 
120.00 
200.00 


$77,070 


2. Oak species 

3. Tulip poplar 

4. Ash species 

5. Red gum 


24,972 
7,611 
3,290 

840 


6. Black gum 


250 


7. American elm 

8. Beech 

9. Cypress 

10. Basswood 

11. S. yellow pines 

12. Sycamore 

13. Mahogany 


500 

360 
840 
240 

80 
120 
200 


Totals 


1,140,000 


3,163,000 


1,000 


4,304,000 


100 


$27.04 


$116,373 







This industry, one of the oldest in Maryland, is one which in 
the past few years has been almost revolutionized. Concerns which 
have clung to the manufacture of carriages, wagons and only horse- 
drawn vehicles have in many cases seen their business melt slowly 
away. In this situation, they have had to turn to the making 
of auto parts and, unless their carriages happened to be an unusu- 
ally well-known article with a famous trade-name, give up almost 



38 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



entirely the manufacture of their principal product, and the one 
for which the business was originally founded. 

Carriage and motor vehicle repairs keep many old carriage 
and wagon manufactories in existence, but unless such firms are 
willing to modernize their plants and turn from the old article to 
something in growing and present demand, they must be content to 
look on and gradually to drop behind. 

Picture Frames and Moldings. 

The picture frame and molding industry embraces, in addi- 
tion to picture frame material, moldings such as are used by 
paperhangers for drop ceilings, with those to cover electric wiring 
and framing for blackboards, and does not include those used 
in general house finishing. But six woods were reported as used 
by Maryland manufacturers; basswood constituting 73 per cent. 
It is used especially for the construction of frames and moldings 
that are to be painted or gilded. Its cheapness and good 
working qualities, and the fact that it holds paint well, particularly 
commend it. Oak, the next wood in point of use, went into 
picture frames and moldings where the natural finish was desired, 
its pleasing grain giving high ornamental value. All the wood 
used came from outside the State, although each of them is locally 
abundant. 



TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 
PICTURE FRAMES AND MOLDINGS 













Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




Mary- 


United 




Total 


Cent 


PerM 


Cost 


Kind of Wood 


land 


States 


Foreign 


Bd Ft 


of 
Whole. 


at Fac- 
tory 


F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1 Basswood _. 




1.700,000 





1.700,000 


72.5 


$27.30 


$46,400 


2. Oak species 




428,000 




428,000 


18 


47.43 


20,300 


3 Chestnut 





100.000 


. 


100,000 


4.5 


45.00 


4,500 


4 Red gum 





100.000 




100,000 


4.5 


38.00 


3,800 


5. Birch species 





10,000 


- 


10,000 


.5 


65.00 


653 






5.000 




5,000 




65.00 


325 








Totals- 




2,343.000 




2,343,000 


100 


$32.43 


$75,975 




PLATE X. FIG. 1— RIMS AND HUBS. 

The stock in this drying and storage room is fine-quality oak and hickory rims, 
with hubs of birch and elm. 




PLATE X. FIG. 2-^SPOKES AND HUBS. 

When these hickory spokes and elm hubs have left the dry-room, they will be 

ready for assembling. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



39 



Musical Instruments. . 

The production of musical instruments is an industry of mag- 
nitude in Baltimore; it is also foremost in Hagerstown. Sixteen 
different woods were reported by Maryland manufacturers, but 
only two of them were produced, in part, in Maryland, although 
nearly all are native trees. The average cost per thousand for the 
wood was $53.63, which is the second highest on the list. Ash, 
tulip poplar and hard maple comprise two-thirds of the wood used. 
Ash and maple are used largely for the framework of organs and 
pianos, spruce for sounding boards, Avhite pine for keys and the 
finer grades of valuable hardwoods, such as mahogairy, cherry and 
walnut, for cases. Chestnut, which is ordinarily used as a back- 
ing for veneer in pianos, was not reported by Maryland manu- 
facturers. 



TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 

States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M 
at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Ash species 




416,000 
309,000 
284,000 

83,000 

80,000 
75,000 
42,000 
39,000 
15,000 

25,000 

19,000 

5,000 

4,000 

1,000 

1,000 


101,000 


416,000 
309,000 
284,000 
101,000 
83,000 

80,000 
75,000 
42,000 
39,000 
25,000 

25,000 

19,000 

6,000 

4,000 

1,000 

1,000 


27.5 
20.5 
19 
6.5 
5.5 

5.5 
^ " 
3 

2.5 
.1.5 

1.5 

1 
.5 
.5 


$39.22 
54.66 
43.73 

141.09 

71.25 

36.25 
26.00 
48.00 
68.59 
36.00 

70.00 
82.63 

115.00 
65.00 

126.00 

350.00 


$16,315 






16,890 


3. Hard maple 




12,420 


4. Mahogany _. 

5. E. white pine 

6. Eastern spruce 





14,250 
5,914 

2,900 


7. Basswood 




1,950 


8. Birch species 

9. Oak species • 





2,016 
2,675 


10. Beech _ 


10,000 


900 


11. W. white pine 

12. Wild black cherry. 


1,750 
1,570 


13. Black walnut....— 
14*. Cypress 

15. Holly _ 

16. Cedar species 


1,000 


690 
260 

126 

350 








Totals 


11,000 


1.398.000 


101,000 


1,510,000 


100 


$53.63 


$80,976 







40 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Cigar Boxes. 

Spanish cedar is the popular wood for cigar boxes because of 
the pleasing odor imparted to the contents, in addition to its good 
working qualities. Gum and tulip poplar were largely used for 
tobacco boxes and to some extent as a backing for Spanish cedar 
veneer. None of the wood used by this industry was Maryland- 
grown, although three of the four species reported are abundant in 
the State. 

Maryland is an important tobacco-growing State, centers of 
leaf production being actually very close to the box factories of 
Baltimore. "With both a local demand and an outside growing one. 
this industry should demonstrate steady expansion. 



TABLE If. SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN' MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

BOXES, CIGAR. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Spanish cedar 







332,000 


332,000 

295,000 

100,000 

10,000 


45 
40 
13.5 
1.5 


$229.52 
138.86 
61.00 
192.50 


$76,200 


2. Black gum 

3. Red gum 

4. Tulip poplar 


295,000 

100,000 

10,000 


40,965 
5,100 
1,925 


Totals | 


405,000 


332,000 


737,000 


100 


$168.51 


$124,190 







Wooden ware and Novelties. 

Under this class are a great variety of useful articles for house- 
hold service., such as buckets, bowls, bread boards, rolling pins, 
rat and mouse traps, toivel racks, meat boards, potato mashers, 
pails, etc., while there is an almost endless variety of novelties. 
Of the 13 woods used, red gum and basswood constitute 84 per 
cent. There was a larger percentage of home-grown woods used 
by this industry than any other — in all, 45 per cent. All of the 
red gum, oak, chestnut, yellow pine and black walnut were Maryland- 
grown. 




PLATE XI. FIG. 1— NOVELTIES. 
There is literally nothing which the modern turnery cannot fashion from wood. 




PLATE XL FIG. 2 — TOYS. 

Made-in-America toys are used again. These dolls, save hair and eyes, are entirely 
a product of home-grown basswood. 



WooD-UiSiNG Industries of Maryland 



41 



TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 
WOODEN WARE AND NOVELTIES. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 
at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 




240,000 




18,000 

3,000 

1,000 
1,000 


240,000 
230,000 
45,000 
18,000 
6,000 

6,000 
4,000 
4,000 
3,000 
3,000 

1,000 
1,000 
1,000 


43 
41 

8 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 
.5 
.5 


$17.42 
26.20 
57.56 

166.67 

25.00 

35.00 
25.00 
20.00 
150.00 
25.00 

120.00 
40.00 
300.00' 


$4,180 
6,025 
2,590 


2. Basswood 


230,000 
45,000 


4. Lignum-vitae 

5. Oak species ... 


6,000 


3,000 
150 




6,000 


210 


7.- Chestnut 


4,000 
4,000 

1,000 


100 


8. S. yellow pines 




80 


9. Mahogany 

10. Cypress 

11. Boxwood 

12. Black walnut ... 


3,000 


450 

75 

12) 
40 


13. Rosewood — . 





300 


Totals... 


255,000 


284,000 


23,000 


562,000 


100 


$30.82 


$17,320 







Toys. 

Wooden toys and wooden parts of toys, partly of wood and 
partly of metal, consumed a very small part of the wood manu- 
factured, although it represented a great variety of products. The 



TABLE 18- 



- SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 
SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 
TOYS. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 




100,000 
75,000 
55,000 
5,000 




100,000 
75,000 
55,000 
5,000 


42.5 
32 
23.5 
2 


$13.00 
27.51 
22.00 
27.40 


$1,300 

2,063 

1,210 

137 


2. Tulip poplar 

3. Basswood 





4. Red gum 








Totals 




235,000 




235,000 


100 


$20.04 


$4,710 







42 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

Southern pines, tulip poplar and basswood were the principal 
varieties used, with a small amount of red gum. 

The American toy is only now coming into its own. The once 
German monopoly is gone from our shops, and though the Japanese 
are busy capturing the market, toys made at home are enjoying 
a sharply rising demand. 

Portable Houses. 

The manufacture of portable wooden houses is an industry 
of growing importance, which is here considered separately from 
ordinary house construction. Small houses and other portable build- 
ings are made in standard sizes, shipped in parts and assembled 
at the place of use. They consist of garages, summer cottages and 
temporary uarters for workmen, tool houses, temporary school 
houses, churches, etc. White pine constitutes 70 per cent, of all 
wood used, while yelloAV pine comprises 24 per cent. A small amount 
of tulip poplar, cypress and red cedar was also used, although none 
of it was Maryland-grown. 

The manufacture of such buildings shows healthy growth, and 
it is a business which should increase rather than diminish. 



TABLE 19 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND. YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

PORTABLE HOUSES. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. E. white pines 

2. S. yellow pines 

3. Tulip poplar _ 

4. Cypress 





150,000 

50,000 

7,000 

5,000 

1,000 




150,000 
50,000 
7,000 
5,000 
1,000 


70.5 
23.5 

3 

2.5 
.5 


$28.00 
12.50 
34.86 
75.00 
29.00 


$4,20} 

623 

244 

375 

29 








Totals 




213,000 




213,000 


100 


$25.69 


$5,473 



Trunks. Valises, Luggage. 

In all, but two woods were reported as used by this indus- 
try. Basswood constituted two-thirds and yellow pine the re- 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



43 



mainder. Basswood, while light in weight, is tough and strong, 
which, together with its good working qualities, make it a favorite 
wood for the purpose. Yellow pine is used for the cheaper grades 
of trunks, especially for trunk trays. 



TABLE 20 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

TRUNKS, VALISES, LUGGAGE. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 






67,000 
32,000 




67,000 
32,000 


67.5 
32.5 


$26.61 
16.00 


$1,783 


2. S. yellow pines 




512 


Totals 





99,000 




99,000 


100 


$23.18 


$2,295 



Molds and Patterns. 

The manufacture of molds and patterns requires soft, even- 
grained woods that will keep their shape well under atmospheric 
changes. White pine answers these requirements, accounting for 
its exclusive use in these manufactures. 



TABLE 21 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 

MOLDS AND PATTERNS 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 

Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. E. white pine. 




75,000 




75,000 


100 


$31.67 


$2,375 


Totals 





75,000 




75,000 


100 


$31.67 


$2,375 



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KINDS OF WOOD 



Southern Yellow Pines. 

Southern yellow pines, including loblolly, short-leaf, long-leaf 
and scrub pine, represent 70 per cent, of the total amount of wood 
used by the Maryland manufacturers. Of the above species, all 
except the long-leaf pine grow in Maryland, although short-leaf pine 
but sparingly. 

The pines are confined largely to Southern Maryland, where 
they are the principal timber species. 



TABLE 23- 



-CONSUMPTION OF SOUTHERN YELLOW PINES, YEAR ENDING 
SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Boxes and crates. 


33.898.000 

4,607,000 
2, 380.000 

&5.000 


120,932,000 

53,940,000 
8,037,000 
9,890,000 

7.714.000 




154.830,000 

58,607,000 
10,417,000 
9,890,000 

7,799,000 

510,000 
100,000 
100,000 
50,000 
35,000 

32.000 

4,000 

2,000 


64 

24.2 
4.5 
4 

3 

.3 


$14.80 

20.97 
29.07 
32.44 

28.57 

30.20 
15.50 
13.00 
12.50 
22.57 

16.00 

20.00 

40.00 


$2,291,341 


2. Planing mill pro- 

ducts 

3. Tanks* and silos 

4. Car construction... 

5. Ship and boat 


1,228,862 
302,817 
320,830 

222,835 

15,400 
1,550 


■6. Fixtures 


i 
...J 510,000 

ioo.ooo 1 ! 


8. Toys 

9. Portable houses 

10. Furniture 




100,000 
50,000 
35,000 

32,000 
2,000 




1,300 
625 
790 

512 


12. Woodenware and 

novelties 

13. Vehicles and vehicle 

parts 


4,000 


8D 

80 


Totals 


41,134,000 


201,242,000 




242,376,000 


100 


$18.10 


$4,387,022 



The annual cut of yellow pine amounts to some 100,000,000 
feet, about 41 per cent, of the amount used by manufacturers. Of 
the amount so used, but 17 per cent. — 41,000,000 feet — was locally 



48 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



grown, the remainder of the Maryland cut going into rough lumber 
for construction purposes. 

While there is some variation in the wood of the different 
species of the yellow pine, in general it is fairly even-grained, easily 
worked, abundant and obtainable in almost any desired sizes, making 
it extremely popular for a large variety of uses. The box, crate and 
packing industries used nearly two-thirds of the total quantity 
reported, while nearly one-fourth went into planing mill products. 
The average cost per thousand feet at the factory was the lowest 
paid for any manufactured lumber. 

Oak Species. 

There are no less than 13 different species of oak used com- 
mercially in the State, often several species for the same purpose, 
so that it was impracticable to separate them. Furthermore, since 



TABLE 24 CONSUMPTION OF OAK SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreien. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


A v. Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Furniture . 

2. Tanks and silos... 

3. Planing mill pro- 


2,161,000 
1,933,000 

592,000 

2,809,000 
525,000 

540,000 

487,000 


6,034,000 
3,034,000 

3,500,000 

342,000 
2,562,000 

911,000 

333,000 

600,000 

428,000 
60,000 

39,000 




8,195,000 
5,567,000 

4,098,000 

3,211,000 
3,087,000 

1,451,000 

820,000 
600,000 

428,000 

65,000 

39,000 
6,000 


30 
20 

15 

12 
11 

5 

3 

2 

2 


$37.82 
41.81 

36,97 

33.45 
24.03 

33.80 

30.45 
60.00 

47.43 

14.40 

68.59 
25.00 


$309,91)1 
232,764 


4. Ship and boat 


107,414 


5. Car construction .. 

6. Fixtures 


74,1'JO 
49,OjO 


7. Vehicles and vehicle 


24,972 


8. Caskets and coffins 


36,000 


9. Picture frames and 


5,000 
6,000 


20,30;> 


10. Boxes and crates, 

packing 

11. Instruments, musi- 

cal 


940 
2,675 


Vi. Woodenware and 


150 








Totals 


9.118.000 


18,449,000 




27,567,000 


100 


$36.63 


$1,009,871 







Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 49 

the trade recognizes only two classes — white oak and red oak — 
and their characteristics are not sufficiently well established by manu- 
facturers to justify a distinction for this study, they are here 
grouped under the one title — oaks. 

The oaks constitute 8 per cent, of the total amount of wood 
used by manufacturers, and 33 per cent, of that used was grown 
in Maryland. It is the most widely distributed of the important 
timber trees. 

The most important species of oak, commercially, are white 
oak (Quercus Alba), red oak (Quercus Rubra), black oak (Quercus 
Velutina), chestnut oak (Quercus Prinus), scarlet oak (Quercus 
Coccinea), Spanish oak (Quercus Digitata) and pin oak (Quercus 
Palustris). 

The wood of the oaks is hard, heavy, strong, tough and durable, 
serving many purposes. 

Cypress (Bald). 

This species reaches its northern limit of distribution as a 
forest tree in Southeastern Maryland, along the tidal rivers, where 
it occurs in pure stands or mixed with gum and other water-loving 
species. None of the Maryland-grown cypress was reported used 
by manufacturers, the State-grown material going into such pro- 
ducts as shingles, poles and other local uses requiring unfinished 
material. 

The principal uses reported by manufacturers are for planing 
mill products and packing boxes, as shown in Table 25. It is used 
generally for doors, sash, panels, molding and other interior finish. 
The wood is light, soft, straight-grained, easily worked and very 
durable. The latter quality makes it desirable for greenhouse con- 
struction, where conditions conducive to decay are prevalent. 

Black Gum. 

Black gum is distributed widely over the State, from the swamps 
of Southeastern Maryland to the mountains of Western Maryland, 
but though common, it is not regarded as especially important or 
valuable for timber. The wood, not hard, is tough and cross-grained, 
making it difficult to Avork. It is very largely cut into veneers 
and used for crates and baskets by the veneer mills of the lower 
Eastern Shore. 



50 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 25 CONSUMPTION OF CYPRESS, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 

■ 


i 
Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 
F. O. B. 
Factory. 


1. Planing mill pro- 

ducts 

2. Boxes and crates, 





7.955,000 
1,025,000 




7,955,000 

1,025,000 
535,000 
470,000 
300,000 

85,000 
45,000 

12,000 
5,000 

4,000 
3,000 


76 
10 

3 

1 
.5 



71 


$37.83 
16 46 


$300,965 


3. Car construction .. 

4. Tanks and silos 

5. Furniture 

6. Ship and boat 





535,000' 

470,000 _ _. 

300,000 

85,0tKX _ 


46.82i 25,050 
45.32 21,30a 
28.00- 8,400 

62.41 - r > sos 


7. Fixtures 

8. Vehicles and vehicle 

parts 

9. Portable houses — 

10. Instruments, musi- 

cal 

11. Woodenware and 





45,000 

12,000 
5,000 

4,000 
3,000 




45.00 

70.00 
75.00 

65.00 
25.00 


2,025 

840 
375 

260 






1 






Totals 




10,439,000 




10,439,000 


100 


$36.54 


$3S1,470 



TABLE 26 CONSUMPTION OF BLACK GUM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 19H 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 
F. O. B. 
Factory. 


1. Boxes and crates, 


70,000 


7,400,00) 




7,470,000 
410,000 
295,000 

105,000 
90,000 

60,000 

25,000 
10,000 


88 


1 
$13.30 £99. 3So 


2. Baskets 

3. Boxes, cigar 


160,000 


250,000 
295,000 
105,000 
90,000 

30.000 


5 17.20 7,050 
3.5 138. 86 ! 40.965 


4. Fixtures 

5. Furniture 

6. Planing mill pro- 




30,000 


2 

1 

.5 


35.00 
20.00 

35.00 


3,675 

1,800 

2.100 


7. Vehicles and vehicle 


15,00o' 10,000 
i 10,000 


10 OOi 250 


8. Tanks and silos 


15.00; 1511 


Totals 


275,000' 8,190,000 




8,465,000 


100 ! $18.35 $155,370 




1 


! ! 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



51 



Tulip Poplar. 

The use of this wood was reported by more manufacturers than 
cany other. It is of fine texture, light, soft and easily worked, takes 
paint readily and holds its shape well, making it a favorite among 
wood users. 

This species attains a larger size than any other tree in Mary- 
land It is found in the deep, moist soils of ravines and lower 
slopes throughout the central part of the State, but not in the 
mountain section. 

A little over 8 per cent, of this species was Maryland-grown. 
Its chief uses were for furniture, boxes and crates, moldings, coffins 
and car construction. Out of the 19 wood-using industries, 14 re- 
ported the use of tulip poplar. 



TABLE 27 CONSUMPTION OF TULIP POPLAR, YEAR ENDING- SEPTEMBER 1, 191b. 





Grown 








Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




in 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


PerM 


Cost 


Industry. 


Mary- 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 


at Fac- 


F. 0. B. 




land.. 








Whole. 


tory. 


Factory. 


1. Furniture 


t 300,000 


1,727,000 




2,027,000 


25 


$48.09 


$97,486 


2. Boxes and crates, 




















1,394,000 




1,394,000 


17 


16.37 


22,816 


3. Planing mill pro- 














108,000 


1,221,000 




1,329,000 


16.5 


37.36 


49,654 






1,000,000 




1,000,000 


12 


60.00 


60,000 


5. Car construction .. 





800,000 




800,000 


10 


60.00 


48,000 


6. Fixtures 




498,000 




498,000 


6 


41.58 


20,705 


7. Baskets 


200,000 


230,000 




490,000 


6 


17.09 


8,375 


8. Instruments, musi- 
















cal 




309,000 




309,000 


4 


54.66 


16,890 


9. Vehicles and vehicle 
















parts 


4,000 


102,000 




106,000 


1.5 


71.80 


7,611 


10. Toys 




75,000 


'"'"' 


75,000 


1 


27.51 


2,063 


11. Ship and boat 
















building 





55,000 




55,000 


.5 


55.21 


3,03? 


12. Woodenware and 
















novelties 





45,000 




45,000 


.5 


57.56 


2,590 


13. Boxes, cigar 





10,000 





10,000 




192.50 


1,925 


14. Portable houses 





7,000 




7,000 




34.86 


244 


Totals 


672,000 


7,473,000 




8,145,000 


100 


$41.91 


$341,376 







52 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Red Gum. 

This is the favorite wood, veneered, for making fruit and vege- 
table containers, this use taking nearly three fourths of the entire 
amount used by manufacturers. 

The tree grows throughout the Coastal Plain part of the State, 
along stream or river bottoms and in swamps. The wood is heavy, 
hard, fairly strong and tough, and of uniform texture. The marked 
difference between the sapwood and the heartwood — one white, the 
other red — has led many manufacturers to distinguish two species — 
the white sapwood being called white gum, while the dark red heart 
is called red gum. 

Sixty-two per cent, of the amount used by manufacturers was 
Maryland-grown. The bulk of that imported came from North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina and Virginia. 

TABLE 28 CONSUMPTION OF RED GUM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Baskets 


3,935,000 

75,000 

122,000 
133,000 

240,000 
90,000 


665,000 

1,300,000 
353,000 
132,000 

77,000 
100,000 

100,000 
55,000 





4,600,000 

1,375,000 
475,000 
265,000 

240,000 

167,000 
100,000 

100,000 
55,000 

50,000 
30.000 


62 

18.5 
6.5 
3.5 

3 

2 
1.4 

1.4 

.7 

.6 

.4 


§17.61 

15.37 
29.33 
25.44 

17.42 

22.84 
51.00 

38.00 
45.00 

20.00 

28.00 
27.40 


$80,99o 


2. Boxes and crates, 


21,130 


3. Furniture 

4. Tanks and silos 

5. Woodenware and 


13,933 
6,742 

4,180 


6. Planing mill pro- 


3,815 


7. Boxes, cigar 

8. Picture frames and 


5,100 
3,800 


9. Fixtures 

10. Ship and boat 


50,000 


2,475 
1,000 


11. Vehicles and vehicle 


30,000 


840 


12. Toys 





5,000 


5,000 


137 


Totals 


1 
4,645,000 2.817.000 


7.462.000 


100 


$19.32 


$144,147 
















PLATE XIII. FIG. 1— EXPENSIVE WASTE. 

Walnut slabs and edgings, remaining from manufacture of gun stocks, represent high 
cost and real value. Much may be re-worked. 




PLATE XIII. FIG. 2— PRODUCTS FROM MILL WASTE. 

Mop handles, chair legs and dowels are cheaply made from beech, birch and maple waste 
such as appears in this picture. The finished product is ready for shipment. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



53 



Bass wood. 

Basswood is not abundant in the State, being confined chiefly to 
the mountain section of Western Maryland. A very small amount 
of that used by Maryland manufacturers was State-grown. 

The wood is light, soft, easily worked, tough, but not strong. 
In its quality it closely resembles tulip poplar. It is sometimes called 
linden or linn, and is also known as white wood because of its light 
color. 

It has a wide range of uses by Maryland manufacturers, no less 
than 12 of the 19 wood-using industries reporting its use in larger 
or smaller quantities. 



TABLE 29 CONSUMPTION 


OF BASS WOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER ] 


, lSid. 


Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Planing- mill pro- 

ducts 

2. Picture frames and 





2,100,000 
1,700,000 

1,355,000 

700,000 
484,000 

230,000 
118,000 

75,000 
67,000 
56,000 




2,100,000 
1,700,000 

1,355,000 

700,000 
484,000 

230,000 
118,000 

75,000 
67,000 
55,000 

10,000 

8,000 


30 

25 

20 
10 

7 

3 
2 

1 
1 
1 


$32.30 

27.30 

19.83 
50.00 
24.89 

26.20 
30.64 

26.00 
26.61 
22.00 

17.00 

30.00 


$67,840 

46,400 

26,875 
35,000 
12,047 

6,025 
3,626 


3. Boxes and crates, 
packing 









6. Woodenware and 








8. Instruments, musi- 




1,950 






1,783 


10. Toys . _ 




1,210 


11. Baskets 


10,000 


170 


12. Vehicles and vehicle 






parts 


8,000 






240 


Totals 


10,000 


6,892,000 




6,902,000 


100 


$29.44 


$203,166 







Eastern White Pine. 

This species is found only in the western part of the State 
in sufficient quantity to rank as a timber tree, and even there it 
occurs in small, widely separated patches, although in the original 



54 "Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

forest it comprised a considerable portion of the merchantable 
timber in sections of Garrett and Allegany counties. 

Of the amount used by Maryland manufacturers, less than 2 per 
cent, was Maryland- grown. It was required by 10 industries, but 
over half of it went into planing mill products. 

The wood is light, soft, straight-grained and easily worked,, 
though not strong. It is a tree adapted to the mountain sec- 
tion of the State, where it is important for forest planting, and 
under forest management is likely to become much more widely 
distributed. 



TABLE SO CONSUMPTION OF WHITE PINE (EASTERN), YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916.. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
. Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Planing mill pro- 
ducts 


89,000 


2,307,000 

805,000 
750,000 
300,000 
150,000 

100,000 

83,000 
75,000 

69,000 
10,000 


10,000 


2,406,000 

805,000 
750,000 
300,000 
150,000 

100,000 

83,000 
75,000 

69,000 
10,000 


51 

17 
16 
6 
3 

2 

2 

2 

1 


$60.98 

26.07 
33.00 
36.50 
28.00 

50.00 

71.25 
31.67 

75.17 
65.00 


$146,718 


2. Boxes and crates, 

packing 

3. Caskets and coffins 


20,983 
24,750 


4. Tanks and silos... 

5. Portable houses 





10,950 
4,200 

5,000 


7. Instruments, musi- 

cal _ 

8. Molds and patterns 

9. Ship and boat 




5,914 
2,375 

5,187 




10. Fixtures 





650 


Totals 


89,000 


4,649,000 


10,000 


4,748,000 


100 


$47.75 


$226,727 







Chestnut. 

This species is of common occurrence in all portions of the 
State, except the southeastern. In the central part of the State 
it is more abundant than any other species, if the oaks be separated 
by species. It is almost the universal wood for telephone and tele- 
graph poles, and is used largely for railroad and trolley ties, fencing. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



55 



and lumber for rough construction material. The wood is light, soft, 
liable to warp and check in seasoning, easily split, coarse and brittle, 
but durable under exposure. 

The chestnut blight has in the past few years destroyed large 
quantities of chestnut. The disease is unabated and threatens to 
remove this species from the forest as a valuable timber tree. 

The four important uses reported by manufacturers were planing 
mill products, furniture, caskets and fixtures. Only 17 per cent. 
of that used by Maryland manufacturers was State-grown. 



TABLE 31 CONSUMPTION OF CHESTNUT, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1 


1916. m 


f— ' 

Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


A.v.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Planing mill pro- 


.131,000 
416,000 


1,193,000 
702,000 
750,000 
725,000 

75,000 

100,000 
12,000 






1,324,000 

1,112,000 

750,000 

725,000 

255,000 

100,000 

12,000 

4,00C 


31 
26 
17.5 
17 

6 

2.5 

„__ 




$35.20 
20.62 
35.00 
27.43 

15.39 

45.00 
26.00 

25.0C 


$46,611 




22,927 


3. Caskets and coffins 

4. Fixtures *. 

5. Boxes and crates, 


26,250 




19,887 


180,000 


3,925 


6. Picture frames and 

moldings 

7. Car construction— 

8. Woodenware and 


4,500 


4.00C 


312 

10» 








Totals 


725,00( 


) 3,557,00( 





4,282,00( 


> 100 


$29.0* 


$124,513 










1 



Beech. 

Beech is not abundant, but occurs throughout the Maryland 
forests. It is not cut to any great extent for lumber, and very little — 
less than 1 per cent. — was used by Maryland manufacturers. Of the 
amount used, 86 per cent, went into the manufacture of brushes, 
most of the remainder into furniture and basket-making. The wood 
is strong, hard, close-grained, not durable, difficult to season and 
to split. 



56 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 32 CONSUMPTION OF BEECH, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


i 
Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole.. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Brushes 

2. Furniture 

3. Baskets 


5,000 
10,000 


3,500,000 
343,000 

155,000 







3,500,000 
343,000 
160,000 

25,000 

15,000 

7,000 


86.5 
8.5 
4 

.5 

.5 


$20.50 
22.13 
21.78 

36.00 

24.00 

32.00 


$71,750 
7,589 
5,515 


■4. Instruments, musi- 


15,000 

15,000 


900 


5. Vehicles and vehicle 


360 


6. Tanks and silos— 

1 





7,000 




224 


Totals 


15,000 


4,035,000 




4,050,000 


100 


$21.34 


$86,338 







Hickory Species. 

Several species of hickory occur in the State, and all are used 
commercially. Only three, however, occur in quantity — the mocker- 
nut (Hickoria Alba), pignut (Hickoria Glabra) and shagbark 
(Hickoria Ovata). Practically the entire amount used by manu- 
facturers was for vehicles and vehicle parts, with a small amount 
for tanks and silos. Of the amount used, 19 per cent, was Mary- 
land-grown. This wood has a highly specialized use for vehicle 
manufacture, for which it is fitted by its distinctive qualities- 
hardness, strength, toughness and flexibility. 



TABLE 33 CONSUMPTION OF HICKORY SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land 


United 
States 


Foreign 


Total 
Bd Ft 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B 

Factory. 


I . Vehicles and vehicle 
parts 


615,000 


2.589,000 
7.000 





3.204.000 
7.000 


99.8 
.2 


$24.05 
32.00 


$77,070 
224 


2 Tanks and silos... 


Totals .. 


615,000 


2,596,000 




3,211,000 


100 


$24.07 


$77,294 





Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Douglas Fir. 
A western species, it finds general use in the East. It is a 
competitor of the long-leaf pine, available in any dimensions and 
having excellent qualities. More than 67 per cent, of the amount 
used was for tanks and silos. The balance was used largely for 
car construction and boat building. 

TABLE 34 CONSUMPTION OF DOUGLAS FIR, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

. Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Tanks and silos 

2. Car construction— 

3. Ship and boat 

building .. 




2,000,000 
600,000 

205,000 

155,000 




2,000,000 
600,000 

205,000 

155,000 


67.5 
20.5 

7 

5 


$31.50 
35.67 

27.56 

48.55 


$63,000 
21,400 

5,650 


4. Planing mill pro- 
ducts 




7,525 








Totals 




2,960,000 




2,960,000 


100 


$32.96 


$97,575 









Hard Maple. 

Where this species occurs in commercial quantities in the 
western counties of the State, it is known usually as sugar maple 
or sugar. The maple sugar inustry, while restricted to three 
or four rather small areas in Garrett County, is nevertheless of 
considerable importance, since the annual output is worth over 
$40,000. 

The hard maple reported by Maryland manufacturers was 
all grown outside the State, although sawmill reports show that 
nearly an equal amount was produced in the State for the same 
period. Since the hard maple cut in Maryland was near the Penn- 
sylvania and West Virginia borders, away from Maryland industrial 
centres, it went immediately out of the State. 

Table 35 shows its use in nine industries. One-third of it was 
used in furniture-making, for which it is especially adapted. The 
wood is strong, hard and stiff, holding its shape well when properly 
seasoned. 

The curly and bird's-eye maple, much in demand for furniture 
and special uses, is produced from trees of abnormal growth, though 
of this same species. 



58 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 35 CONSUMPTION OF HARD MAPLE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Furniture 

2. Brushes _ 

3. Planing mill pro- 





974,000 
500,000 

432,000 
340,000 

284,000 

90,000 

5,000 

2,000 
1,000 




974,000 
500,000 

432,000 
340,000 

284,000 

90,000 

5,000 

2,000 
1,000 


37 
19 

16 

13 

12 
3 


$25.00 
23.50 

32.75 
36.40 

43.73 

50.00 

80.00 

42.00 
35.00 


$24,354 
11,750 

14,150 


4. Baskets 




12,375 


5. Instruments, musi- 
cal 


12,420 


6. Fixtures 

7. Boxes and crates, 





4,500 

400 


8. Ship and boat 




84 






35 








Totals 




2,628,000 




2,628,000 


100 


$30.47 


$80,068 







Eed Maple. 

Red maple grows abundantly in swamps and on lower slopes- 
throughout the State, but is generally regarded as one of the 
least Yaluable species in the forest mixture. It is generally a 
small tree, and when it does attain large size is usually crooked and 
defectiYe. 



TABLE 36 CONSUMPTION OF RED MAPLE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



1 

! Grown 
, in 
Industry. Mary- 
land. 
! 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


i 

1 

1. Boxes and crates, I 


1,500,000 
505,000 

80,000 

55,000 




1,500,000 

505,000 

155,000 

134,000 

55,000 


64 

21.5 
6.5 
5.5 
2.5 


$18.00 
29.90 
26.77 
29.89 

35.00 


$27,000 




15,100 


3. Baskets 75,000 

4. Tanks and silos...' 134, 000 

5. Fixtures \ 


4,150 
4,005 
1,925 


Totals 1 209,000 


2,140,000 


2,349,000 


100 


$22.21 


$52,180 


I 










PLATE XIV. FIG. 1 — TYPICAL MILL WASTE. 

This material, of good quality and fair size, is successfully converted into chair stock 
and mop handles. It is done in a plant which uses what others throw away. 



PLATE XIV. PIG. 2— ^SAVED FROM THE SLAB PILE. 

Slabs and edgings of beech, birch and maple have been profitably turned to a very 
good grade of chair parts. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



59 



Its chief commercial use in Maryland is for tanks, silos and 
baskets. For the latter use it is cut into veneer, particularly in 
the Eastern Shore section of the State, together with red gum 
and sycamore. 

The wood is rather soft, close-grained, light and not strong. 

Birch Species. 

It is probable that several species of birch were used by Mary- 
land manufacturers — Betula Lutea, yellow birch; B. Lenta, black 
birch ; and B. Papyrif era, paper birch — although no distinctions were 
made in the reports. Black birch and yellow birch, both of which 
occur in Western Maryland, are most largely used by manufac- 
turers, although no Maryland-grown timber of these species was 
reported. 

The wood is heavy, strong and hard, dark brown in color. It 
is often used for the same purpose as mahogany, which is resem- 
bles. It was used by Maryland manufacturers principally for 
brush-backs, fixtures and furniture, although in addition to these 
uses it goes largely into flooring and interior finish. 



TABLE 37 CONSUMPTION OF BIRCH SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 





Grown 








Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




in 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


Per M 


Cost 


Industry. 


Mary- 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 


at Fac- 


F. 0. B. 




land. 








Whole. 


tory. 


Factory. 


1. Brushes 




500,000 




500,000 


40 


$21.00 


$10,500 


2. Fixtures __ _~ 




435,000 




435,000 


34 


46.90 


20,400 


3. Furniture 





180,000 




180,000 


14 


26.33 


4,740 


4. Planing mill pro- 
















ducts 




88,000 


'_. 


88,000 


7 


51.14 


4,540 


5. Instruments, musi- 
















cal 




42.000 




42,000 


3 


48.00 


2,016 


6. Baskets - 




20,000 




20,000 


1.5 


37.50 


750 


7. Picture frames and 
















moldings 





10,000 




10,000 


.5 


65.00 


650 


Totals — 





1,275,000 




1,275,000 


10O v 


$34.19 


$43,596 







Black Locust. 

. All the black locust used !by Maryland ^manufacturers yas 
reported as State-grown, and the only one of the 41 woods so reported 



GO 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



that was supplied entirely from the forests of Maryland. It is 
the cheapest wood manufactured in the State. This is due 
in great part to securing it locally in the form of bolts in the 
rough. 

The wood is heavy, hard, strong and very durable, holding its 
shape well, and having the necessary qualities for turning into in- 
sulator pins, treenails, etc. 

In addition to its manufactured uses, it is especially valuable for 
fence posts, on account of its extreme durability. It is a farm and 
forest tree worth cultivating. 



TABLE 38 CONSUMPTION OF BLACK LOCUST, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F.O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Fixtures 


1,075,000 






1,075,000 


100 


$9.30 


$10,000 








Totals 


1,075,000 








1,075,000 


100 


$9.30 


$10,000 



Yellow Buckeye. 

This species was reported by the casket and coffin makers, who 
used 1,000,000 feet in 1916 — all imported, since it does not occur in 
Maryland in commercial quantities. 

The wood is compact, close-grained, weak, light, soft, pale 
yellow in color, with scarcely any distinction between heart and 
sapwood. 



TABLE 39 CONSUMPTION OF YELLOW BUCKEYE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 






1,000,000 




1,000,000 


100 


$50.00 


$50,000 












1,000,000 




1,000,000 


100 


$50.00 


$50,000 






• 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



61 



Its chief use elsewhere is for woodenware, artificial limJbs and 
paper pulp, in addition to that noted above. 

Mahogany. 

More mahogany was used by manufacturers than any other 
foreign wood, the bulk of it going into fixtures and furniture manu- 
facture. The wood from different localities differs in tint and 
grain, but the general characteristics are a rich, reddish-brown color, 
even grain, moderately soft, giving high working qualities. It is 
also very durable. It was used by eight different classes of manu- 
facturers. 



TABLE 40 CONSUMPTION 


OF MAHOGANY, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 


1, 1916. 




Grown 








Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




in 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


Per M 


Cost 


industry. 


Mary- 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 


at Fac- 


F. 0. B. 




land. 








Whole. 


tory. 


Factory. 


1. Fixtures __ _. 






377,000 


377,000 


39.6 


$134.28 


$50,625 


.2. Furniture 








305.000 


305,000 


32.1 


129.83 


39,597 


3. Planing mill pro- 
















ducts '. 







108,000 


108,000 


11.4 


140.97 


15,226 


4. Instruments, musi- 
















cal — 








101,000 


101,000 


10.6 


141.09 


14,250 


5. Car construction— 






40,000 


40,000 


4.2 


200.00 


8,000 


6. Ship and boat 
















building 








15,000 


15,000 


1.6 


216.67 


3,250 


7. Woodenware and 
















novelties _ 








3,000 


3,000 


.4 


150.00 


450 


8. Vehicles and vehicle 
















parts — _. 







1,000 


1,000 


.1 


200.00 


200 


Totals 








950,000 


950,000 


100 


$138.52 


$131,597 



Western White Pine. 

This western species was apparently able to compete success- 
fully with the eastern white pine for favor among the wood users. 
Less than one-fifth as much was used as of the eastern variety, but 
the average cost per thousand feet was considerably less than for 
the eastern species. Seventy-six per cent, of that used went into 
planing mill products, while boxes and crates took most of the re- 
mainder. The wood resembles the eastern species in all particulars. 



-62 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 41- 



-CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN WHITE PINE, YEAR ENDING 
' . SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 





Grown 








Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




in 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


PerM 


Cost 


Industry. 


Mary- 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 


at Fac- 


F. O. B. 




land. 








Whole. 


tory. 


Factory. 


1. Planing mill pro- 
















ducts 





705,000 




705,000 


76 


$40.39 


$28,475 


2. Boxes and crates, 
















. packing 





200,000 




200,000 


21.5 


25.00 


5,000 


3. Instruments, musi- 
















cal 




25,000 




25,000 


2.5 


70.00 


7,750 


Totals.. 




930,000 




930,000 


100 


$37.88 


$35,225 









Eastern Spruce. 



There are two or three varieties of eastern spruce commonly 
used. It is probable, however, that most of that used by Mary- 
land manufacturers was the red spruce of the Northeastern States 
and Canada. The boat builders and planing mills took more than 
90 per cent, of the amount used, Avhile the musical instrument 
makers consumed the remainder. The wood is light, soft, close- 
grained, of a pale reddish color. In addition to the uses named 
above, it is largely demanded for paper pulp and for construction 
material. The species does not grow in commercial quantities in 
Marvland. 



TABLE 42 CONSUMPTION OF EASTERN SPRUCE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 





Grown 








Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




in 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


PerM 


Cost 


Industry. 


Mary- 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 


at Fac- 


F. O. B. 




land. 








Whole. 


tory. 


Factory. 


1. Ship and boat 
















building 




435,000 




435,000 


48 


$21.84 


$9,500 


2. Planing mill pro- 
















ducts 





395,000 




395,000 


43 


33.37 


13,18t 


3. Instruments, musi- 
















cal 




80,000 




80,000 


9 


36.25 


2,900 


Totals 




910.000 




910,000 


100 


$28.11 


$25,-583 









mimMimi 







PLATE XV. FIG. 1— OAK BOARDS. 

This material shows plainly the defects and good qualities which go to the making of 

a first-class board. All grades are used by Maryland manufacturers, who 

employ more oak than any other wood, excepting pine. 




PLATE XV. FIG. 



-VEHICLE STOCK. 



This trade requires great quantities of hickory, here shown seasoned, piled and ready 
for use. In consumption, it leads all other woods. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Hemlock. 

This wood was reported by two classes of users — planing mills 
and car builders. Less than 6 per cent, of that nsed was Mary- 
land-grown, although the lumber cut of this species in the State 
for 1916 was nearly equal to the amount used by manufacturers. 
The wood is light, hard, brittle, cross-grained and difficult to work, 
but its cheapness and availability in large sizes commend it for 
many less exacting uses. Next to southern yellow pine it was the 
cheapest soft-wood lumber purchased by manufacturers. 

TABLE 43 CONSUMPTION OF HEMLOCK, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Planing mill pro- 
ducts . 


50,000 


640,000 
200,000 




690,000 
200,000 


77.5 
23.5 


$18.41 
26.00 


$12,700 


2. Car construction- 


5,200 


Totals 


50,000 


840,000 




890,000 


100 


$20.11 


$17,900 







Ash Species. 
The two species of ash most commonly used by manufacturers 
are the white ash (Fraxinus Americana) and the black ash (Fraxi- 
nus Nigra). It was not possible to separate the two kinds in use, 
although it is likely that white ash constituted at least 75 per cent, 
of the amount used. Both species occur in Maryland, the black ash 
sparingly, but only 4 per cent, of the wood used was home grown, 
although the amount of ash lumber cut in 1916 was 85 per cent, 
of the amount used by manufacturers. Strangely enough, 61 per 
cent, of the amount used by manufacturers was employed by the 
musical instrument makers in the frames of heavy instruments, 
while the car builders, furniture and vehicle manufacturing con- 
cerns, representing the more common uses of ash, took relatively 
small quantities. The wood of white ash is very heavy, strong, 
straight-grained, touch and elastic. In addition to the uses re- 
ported by Maryland manufacturers, it is also generally used in the 
manufacture of agricultural implements, tool handles, sporting 
goods, etc. 



64 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 44 CONSUMPTION OF ASH SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M, 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O.B. 

Factory. 


1. Instruments, musi- 

2. Car construction... 




416,000 

80,000 




416,000 
80,000 
62,000 

58.000 


61 

12 

9 

9 

6 

3 


$39.22 
50.00 

21.94 

56.72 
36.25 
15.00 


$16,315 
4,000- 


3. Furniture 




8,000 

19,000 


54,000; 

39,000| . 


1,360 


4. Vehicles and vehicle 
parts 


3,290 


5. Planing mill pro- 

ducts 

6. Tanks and silos... 


40,000 40,000 

! 1 

20,000 t 20,000 


1,450 
300 


Totals 


27,000 


649,000; | 676,000 100 

| 


§39.52 


$26,715 



American Elm. 
The basket manufacturers used 78 per cent, of the elm re- 
ported. It is the favorite wood for truck baskets and barrels. It 
is a common tree along the streams in Central and Southern Maryv 
land, but nowhere abundant. Only 4 per cent, of the amount used 
by manufacturers was Maryland-grown. The wood is heavy, hard, 
strong, tough and difficult to work. 

TABLE 45 CONSUMPTION OF AMERICAN ELM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Baskets 


25,000 


275,000 
63,000 

22,000 




300,000 
63,000 

22,000 


77.9 
16.3 

5.8 


$24.17 
33.33 

22.73 


$6,850 


2. Tanks and silos. __ 


2,100 


3. Vehicles and vehicle 
parts 




500 


Totals 


25,000 


360,000 




385,000 


100 


$24.54 


$9,450 



Spanish Cedar. 
This wood, imported from the West Indies and Mexico, was 
used by the Maryland manufacturers exclusively for cigar boxes. 
Its aromatic odor, pleasing color, lightness, case of working and 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



65 



holding its shape especially commend it for cigar-box making. It 
is one of the most expensive woods imported, and, next to ma- 
hogany, is brought in in larger quantities than any other foreign 
wood. 



TABLE 46 CONSUMPTION OF SPANISH CEDAR, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 

j 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States 


Foreign 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Boxes, cigar 


| 




332,000 


332,000 


100 


$229.52 


$76,200- 


Totals 


! 





332,000 


332,000 


100 


$229.52 


$76,200- 



Black Walnut. 

A higher price Avas paid for black walnut than for any other 
hardwood purchased in the State by Maryland manufacturers, and 
of the amount used by them, 19 per cent, was State-grown, although 
an amount equalling about 75 per cent, of that used by manufac- 
turers was cut into lumber in the State. Ninety per cent, of the 
amount used was for fixtures and planing mill products. The wood 
is a rich, dark brown color, hard, strong, easily worked, glues well 
and is not subject to warp or twist. In addition to the uses 



TABLE 47 CONSUMPTION OF BLACK WALNUT, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Fixtures 


1,000 

25,000 
7,000 

1,000 

1,000 


117,000 

25,000 
5,000 

5,000 




118,000 

50,000 
12,000 

6,000 

1,000 


63 

27 
6.5 

3 

.5 


$117.71 

65.00 
121.67 

115.00 

40.00 


$13,890 


2. Planing mill pro- 

ducts 

3. Furniture 

4. Instruments, musi- 

cal 


3,250 
1,460 

690 


5. Woodenware and 


40 








Totals 


35,000 


152,000 




187,000 


100 


$103.37 


$19,330 







66 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



indicated in the subjoined table, it is also used largely for making 
gun stocks. The tree is widely distributed through the State, singly 
or in groups, but never in pure stands or in large quantities at 
any given place. 

Cedar Species. 

The principal cedars used are the southern white cedar (Cha- 
maecyparis Thyoides) and the western cedar (Thuja Plicata) for 
ships, boats, packing boxes and portable houses, while it is quite 
certain that the small quantity used for musical instduments was 
the red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana). It is not possible from the 
data obtained to separate the species. 

A small amount of the southern white cedar is cut in Mary- 
land, although none of this was reported used by manufacturers. 
These species occurs in swamps along the Atlantic Coast from New 
Jersey southward. The wood is very durable, even, fine-grained, 
light, soft and easily worked. In addition to the uses reported 
by Maryland manufacturers, it is often used for tanks, silos and 
planing mill products. It is also a favorite wood for shingles, poles 
and posts because of its great durability. 



TABLE 48 CONSUMPTION OF CEDAR SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1,-1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign . 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


I. Shjp and boat 




148,000 

27,000 

1,000 
1,000 




148,000 

27,000 

1,000 
1,000 


84 

15 

.5 
.5 


$43.89 

40.00 

350.00 
29.00 


$6,496 


2. Boxes and crates, 
packing 




1,080 


3. Instruments, musi- 

cal „ 

4. Portable houses 




350 
29 


Totals. 




177,000 




177,000 


100 


$44.94 


$7,955 









Cotton Gum. 

This is a southern species, growing in swamps and low lands. 
The wood is light, soft, weak, close-grained, difficult to split, not 
durable and very light brown or nearlv white in color. All of 



Wood-U'sing Industries of Maryland 



67 



that reported by Manyland manufacturers was used in boxes, crates 
and packing and was imported. 

TABLE 49 CONSUMPTION OF COTTON GUM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Boxes and crates, 




175,000 




175,000 


100 


$29.86 


$5,225 








Totals 




175,000 




175,000 


100 


$29.86 


$5,225 









Circassian Walnut. 

A native of Persia and Northern China, this tree has been in- 
troduced into European countries. The highly figured wood of this 
tree, which gives it its chief value, comes from large burls or burrs 
which, when cut into veneers, produce the highly pleasing surface 
effects for which the wood is greatly prized. 



TABLE 50 CONSUMPTION OF CIRCASSIAN WALNUT, YEAR ENDING 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft- 


Per 
Cent- 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Furniture 

2. Fixtures 








65,000 
50,000 


65,000 
50,000 


56.5 
43.5 


$153.85 
325.00 


$10,000 
16,250 


Totals 








115,000 


115,000 


100 


$228.26 


$26,250 







Redwood. 

The tree receives its name from the characteristic color of 
the wood. Practically all of the redwood lumber comes from Cali- 
fornia. The wood is of fine texture, very durable, easily worked, 
has a pleasing color and holds its shape well. Nearly all of that 
used went into tanks and silos. It is being extensively used in the 
East in competition with other woods and for a variety of uses, for 
which its good working qualities commend it. 



68 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 51 CONSUMPTION OF REDWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


AvXost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Tanks and silos... 

2. Planing mill pro- 

ducts _ 





100,000 
1,000 




100,000 
1,000 


99 

1 


$45.50 
56.00 


$4,550 
55 


Totals.. 





101,000 




101,000 


100 


$45.59 


$4,605 





Western Spruce. 

The two species of western spruce most commonly found in 
eastern markets are Engelmami spruce (Picea Bngelmanni) and Sitka 
spruce (Picea Sitchensis). The wood is light, soft, not strong, 
nearly white in color. The Sitka spruce is superior in that it has a 
straighter grain and better working qualities. 



TABLE 52 CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN SPRUCE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total - 

Cost 
F. O. B. 
Factory. 


1. Ships and boat 
building 




100,000 




100,000 


100 


$35.00 


$3,500 


Totals 


. 


100,000 




100,000 


100 


$35.00 


$3,500 



Black Cherry. 

Of several species of cherry, the wild black cherry is the only 
one of commercial timber value. It is found in small quantities 
in the Maryland forests, particularly in the western part of the 
State, and 36 per cent, of that used was State-grown. It found 
a use among seven different industries, fixtures and musical instru- 
ments taking the larger share. The wood is moderately light, hard, 
strong, fine-grained, capable of a high polish and a favorite among 
cabinet makers. 









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kill 


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PLATE XVI. FIG. 1 — THE VENEER SLICER. 

Some veneers are cut with saws; others, from machines like this, are sliced with 

long, keen knives. 




PLATE XVI. FIG. 2 — TULIP POPLAR VENEER. 



This sheet shows the possibilities of veneering- and veneer-making. It measures 10 by 
30 feet and is cut from the largest hardwood species growing in America. 



Wood- Using Industries of Maryland 69 

table 53 consumption of black cherry, year ending september 1, 1916. 





Grown 








Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




in . 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


PerM 


Cost 


Industry. 


Mary- 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 


at Fac- 


F. O. B. 




land. 








Whole. 


tory. 


Factory. 


1. Fixtures 


25,000 


15,000 




40,000 


41.5 


$61.88 


$2,475 


2. Instruments, musi- 
















cal 




19,000 




19,000 


20 


82.63 


1,570 


3. Planing mill pro- 
















ducts 


7,000 


6,000 




13,000 


13.5 


25.00 


1,975 


4. Car construction... 




10,000 




10,000 


10.5 


120.00 


1,200 


5. Woodenware and 
















novelties 





6,000 




6,000 


6.5 


35.00 


210 


6. Picture frames and 
















moldings 





5,000 





5,000 


5 


65.00 


325 


7. Furniture __ 


3,000 




- - 


3,000 


3 


25.00 


75 








Totals 


35,000 


61,000 




96,000 


100 


$71.15 


$6,830 







Sugar Pine. 

This species is confined almost exclusively to California, where 
it attains tremendous size and ranks high in commercial value. 
The wood, which is similar in character to the eastern white pine, 
is light, soft, straight-grained, readily seasoned and easily worked. 
The name is derived from a whitish, sugary substance which exudes 
from the tree when the wood is bruised, and also shows to some 
extent on the surface of freshly cut boards. All of that purchased 
by Maryland manufacturers went into planing mill products, for 
which it is particularly adapted. 



TABLE 5 



ONSUMPTION OF SUGAR PINE,. YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O.B. 

Factory. 


1. Planing mill pro- 
ducts 




50,000 




50,000 


100 


$45.00 


$2,250 








Totals 





50,000 




50,000 


100 


$45.00 


$2,250 



70 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

Lignum- Vitae. 

A foreign wood, extremely heavy and hard, close-grained, with 
fibres running obliquely both in radial and tangential directions, 
making it extremely difficult to split, these qualities give it a high 
value for bowling balls and other turned products. It is one of the 
most expensive woods used by manufacturers, and comes principally 
from Central America and the West Indies. 

TABLE 55 CONSUMPTION OF LIGNUM-VITAE , YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 





Grown 








Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




in 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


PerM 


Cost 


Industry. 


' Mary- 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. Ft. 


of 


at Fac- 


F. O. B. 




land. 








Whole. 


tory. 


Factory. 


•1. Woodenware and 
















novelties 1 


„ 





18,000 


18,000 


60 


$166.67 


$3,000 


2. Ship and boat 
















building 







12,000 


12,000 


40 


156.25 


1,875 


Totals 







30,000 


30,000 


100 


$162.50 


$4,875 



Rosewood. 

A number of trees of different species from the tropical and 
semi-tropical countries come under the name rosewood. Most 
of that brought into this country comes from Central America and 
northern South America. The wood is characterized by a deep 
reddish color, often streaked with black, rose-scented when freshly 
cut, moderately heavy and hard, but easily worked, and taking 
a handsome polish. It is used in ornamental woodwork. Next 
to teak, it was the most expensive wood purchased by manufac- 
turers. 

TABLE 56 CONSUMPTION OF ROSEWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Fixtures 

2. Woodenware and 

novelties 








25,000 
1,000 


25,000 
1,000 


96 
4 


$350.00 
300.00 


$8,76„ 
300 


Totals ___.£, 








26,000 


26,000 


100 


$348.08 


$9,050 










Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



71 



Cucumber, 

The cucumber tree, so named from the fruit cone which re- 
sembles a cucumber, is the most important species of magnolia. 
It is closely related to the tulip poplar, and resembles it in appear- 
ance and character of w 7 ood, which is light, soft, close, straight- 
grained, durable and of a light yellowish color. It occurs in the 
mountains of Western Maryland, often attaining large size, al- 
though none of the State T grown wood was used by Maryland manu- 
facturers. 

TABLE 57- — CONSUMPTION OF CUCUMBER, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 

States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Boxes and crates, 
packing 




15,000 




15,000 


100 


$39.00 


$585 


Totals 





15,000 




15,000 


100 


$39.00 


$585 



Teak. 

Teak is a tree native to Southern India, furnishing a wood 
that is very hard, heavy, strong and extremely durable. It was 
the most expensive wood used by Maryland manufacturers. All of 
that reported was consumed by the ship and boat building indus- 
tries. 



TABLE 



-CONSUMPTION OF TEAK, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Ship and boat 
building 






9,000 


9,000 


100 


$350.00 


$3,150 


Totals 








9,000 


9,000 


100 


$350.00 


$3,150 



72 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Tamarack. 

Tamarack has always been a favorite wood in the ship -building 
industry, which took all that reported by Maryland manufacturers". 
There is an eastern and a western species, the former being the 
one employed locally. It extends through New England, New York, 
Pennsylvania and in swamps along the Appalachian Mountains into 
Western Maryland, where it occurs in a few isolated patches, but 
not in commercial quantity. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, stiff 
and very durable. 

TABLE 59 CONSUMPTION OF TAMARACK, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Ship and boat 
building 




6,000 




5,000 


100 


$50.00 


$250 


Totals 




5,000 




5,000 


100 


$50.00 


$250 



Cottonwood. 

A small amount of cotton wood was used by Maryland manu- 
facturers for crates and packing boxes. There are several species 
whose wood is marketed under the trade-name "Cottonwood," but 
it is likely that the species here used was the Populus Deltoidea, 
reaching its maximum development in the Mississippi Valley. The 
wood is soft, w T arps badly in seasoning, is difficult to split, but is 
tough and moderately strong, which, with the absence of odor, makes 
it a favorite for packing boxes, especially for food products. 

TABLE 60 CONSUMPTION OF COTTONWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Boxes and crates, 
packing . 





5,000 




5,000 


100 


$30.00 


$150 


Totals 




5,000 




5,000 


100 


$30.00 


$150 










PLATE XVII. DOUGLAS FIR DOOR. 

Douglas fir is one of the newer woods to the East; it has already earned a 

lasting reputation. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



73 



Sycamore, Boxwood and Holly. 

Very small quantities of these woods were used by Maryland 
manufacturers. 

In the case of sycamore, the amount used was no doubt much 
in excess of that reported, as it is cut and used extensively with the 
red gum and black gum for veneers, which go into basket-making. 
The amount reported was used in the form of veneer for panel work 
in vehicles and camte from outside of the State. 



TABLE 61 CONSUMPTION OF SYCAMORE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Vehicles and vehicle 




1,000 




1,000 


100 


$120.00 


§120 






' 


Totals 




1,000 


1,000 


100 


$120.00 


§120 













Boxwood was used to a limited extent for novelty work. The 
source of supply is Europe, Asia and the West Indies. The wood is 
heavy, hard, extremely fine, close-grained, well adapted for turnery, 
inlaying and wood engravings. 

TABLE 62 CONSUMPTION OF BOXWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost* 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Wooden ware and 
novelties 






1,000 


1,000 


100 


$120.00 


$120 










Totals 








1,000 


1,000 


100 


$120.00 


$120 



Holly is a native wood, seldom reaching tree size in Maryland. 
The small amount used by manufacturers was brought in from 



74 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



outside the State and used for action parts in pianos. The wood is 
heavy, hard, fine, close-grained like boxwood, and is frequently used 
for similar purposes. 

TABLE 63 CONSUMPTION OF HOLLY, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Industry. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


AV.CoSt 

PerM 
at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Instruments, musl- 




1,000 




1,000 


100 


$126.00 


$126 






Totals 





1,000 




1,000 


100 


$126.00 


$126 



I 



AVood-Ubixg Industries of Maryland 



75 



TABLE 64 SUMMARY OF STATE-GROWN AND SHIPPED-IN WOODS USED IN MARY- 

LAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


Per 

Cent. 


United 
States. 


Per 

Cent. 


Foreign. 


Per 

Cent. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


1. Ash species 


27.00C 
10.00C 
15,000 

35,000 
725,000 


4 
.1 
.4 

36 
17 

6 

3 

62 

6 

19 

100 

9 

33 
1.8 
17 

8 
19 


649,000 
6,892,000 
4,035,000 
1,275,000 

1,000,000 
177,000 

61,000 

3,557,000 

5,000 

15,000 

10,439,000 

360,000 

2,960,000 

8,190,000 
175,000 

2,817,000 
840,000 

2,596,000 

1,000 

2,628,000 

2,140,000 

18,449,000 

4,649,000 

201,242,000 

50,000 

930,000 
7,473,000 
. 101,000 

910,000 

100,000 
1,000 
5,000 

152,000 


96 
99.1 
99.6 
100 

100 
100 

64 
83 

100 
100 
100 
94 
100 

97 
100 
38 
94 
81 

100 

100 

91 
67 
98 
83 
100 

100 
92 
100 

100 

100 
100 
100 

81 




100 
100 

100 
100 

.2 

100 

100 
100 


676,000 


2. Basswood 




3. Beech 


1,000 

332,000 


6,902,000 


4. Birch species . 


4,050,000 


5. Boxwood 

6. Buckeye, yellow ___ 

7. Cedar species 

8. Cedar, Spanish __ 

9. Cherry, wild black 


1,275,000 
1,000 

1,000,000 
177,000 
332,000 


10. Chestnut 


96,000 


11. Cottonwood 


4,282,000 

5,000 

15,000 

10,439,000 

385,000 

2,960,000 

8,465,000 
175,000 

7,462,000 
890,000 

3,211,000 

1,000 

30,000 

1,075,000 

950,000 

2,628,000 

2,349,000 

27,567,000 

4,748,000 

242,376,000 

50,000 

930,000 

8,145,000 

101,000 

26,000 

910,000 

100,000 
1,000 
5,000 
9,000 

187,000 


12. Cucumber __. 


13. Cypress __. ___ 







14. Elm, American 


25,000 

275,000 

4,645,000 

50,000 

615,000 

1,075,000 


15. Fir, Douglas 




16. Gum, black 




17. Gum, cotton 

18. Gum, red _ 





19. Hemlock _ 




20. Hickory species 




21. Holly 


30,000 
950,000 

10,000 


.22. Lignum-vitae 

24. Mahogany 


25. Maple, hard ; 


26. Maple, red 


209,000 

9,118,000 

89,000 

41,134,000 

672,000 




28. Pine, Eastern white 


29. Pines, Southern yellow 

30. Pine, sugar _ 


31. Pine, Western white 

32. Poplar, tulip 




33. Redwood _ 


26,000 

9,000 
115,000 


34. Rosewood _ 

35. Spruce, Eastern 


36. Spruce, Western 


35,000 


38. Tamarack 

39. Teak 

40. Walnut, black 




115,000 


Totals — 


58,754,000 


17 


284,874,000 


82.6 


1,473,000 


.4 


345,101,000 







76 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



USES OF THE DIFFERENT WOODS IN ORDER OF 
IMPORTANCE. 

(Check list for rapid reference.) 



Instruments, musical. 
Car construction. 
Furniture. 



Planing mill products. 

Picture frames and moldings. 

Boxes and crates. 

Caskets and coffins. 

Furniture. 

Woodenware and novelties. 



Ash Species. 



Basswood. 



Vehicles and vehicle parts. 
Planing mill products. 
Tanks and silos, cooperage. 



Fixtures. 

Instruments, musical. 

Trunks, valises, luggage. 

Toys. 

Baskets. 

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 



Beech. 



Brushes. 

Furniture. 

Baskets 



Brushes. 

Fixtures. 

Furniture. 

Planing mill products. 



Woodenware and novelties. 



Instruments, musical. 
Vehicles and vehicle parts. 
Tanks and silos, cooperage. 



Birch Species. 



Instruments, musical. 

Baskets. 

Picture frames and moldings. 



Boxwood. 



Buckeye, Yellow. 



Caskets and coffins. 



Ship and boat building. 
Boxes and crates. 



Cedar Species. 



Instruments, musical. 
Portable houses. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



77 



Boxes, cigar. 



Cedar, Spanish. 



Cherry, Wild Black. 



Fixtures. 

Instruments, musical. 
Planing mill products. 
Car construction. 



Planing mill products. 
Furniture. 
Caskets and coffins. 
Fixtures. 



Chestnut. 



Woodenware and novelties. 
Picture frames and moldings. 
Furniture. 



Boxes and crates. 
Picture frames and moldings. 
Car construction. 
Woodenware and novelties. 



Boxes and crates. 



Boxes and crates. 



Cottonwood. 



Cucumber. 



Cypress. 



Planing mill products. 

Boxes and crates. 

Car construction. 

Tanks and silos, cooperage. 

Furniture. 

Ship and boat building. 



Fixtures. 

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 
Portable houses. 
Instruments, musical. 
Woodenware and novelties. 



Baskets. 

Tanks and silos, cooperage. 



Elm, American. 

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 



Tanks and silos, cooperage. 
Car construction. 



Fir, Douglas. 



Ship and boat building. 
Planing mill products. 



Boxes and crates. 
Baskets. 
Boxes, cigar. 
Fixtures. 



GrUM, Black. 



Furniture. 

Planing mill products. 
Vehicles and vehicle parts. 
Tanks and silos, cooperage. 



78 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Boxes and crates. 



Gum, Cotton. 



Gum, Red. 



Baskets. 

Boxes and crates. 

Furniture. 

Tanks and silos, cooperage. 

Woodenware and novelties. 

Planing mill products. 



Boxes, cigar. 

Picture frames and moldings. 

Fixtures. 

Ship and boat building. 

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Toys. 



Planing mill products. 



Hemlock. 



Car construction. 



Hickory Species. 
Vehicles and vehicle parts. Tanks and silos, cooperage. 



Holly. 



Instruments, musical. 



LlGNUM-VlTAE. 
Woodenware and novelties. Ship and boat building. 



Fixtures. 



Fixtures. 

Furniture. 

Planing mill products. 

Instruments, musical. 



Locust, Black 



Mahogany. 



Car construction. 
Ship and boat building. 
Woodenware and novelties. 
Vehicles and vehicle parts. 



Furniture. 

Brushes. 

Planing mill products. 

Baskets. 

Instruments, musical. 



Maple, Hard. 



Fixtures. 

Boxes and crates. 

Ship and boat building. 

Car construction. 



Wk^fkr:*f*%&: 



Wood-Ubing Industries of Maryland 79 

Maple, Red. 

Boxes and crates. Tanks and silos, cooperage. 

Furniture. Fixtures. 

Baskets. 

Oak Spectes. 

Furniture. Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Tanks and silos, cooperage. Caskets and coffins. 

Planing mill products. Picture frames and moldings. 

Ship and boat building. Boxes and crates. 

Car construction. Instruments, musical. 

Fixtures. Woodenware and novelties. 

Pine, Eastern White. 

Planing mill products. Car construction. 

Boxes and crates. Instruments, musical. 

Caskets and coffins. Molds and patterns. 

Tanks and silos, cooperage. Ship and boat building. 

Portable houses. Fixtures. 

Pines, Southern Yellow. 

Boxes and crates. Toys. 

Planing mill products. Portable houses. 

Tanks and silos, cooperage. Furniture. 

Car construction. Trunks and valises. 

Ship and boat building. Woodenware and novelties. 

Fixtures. Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Baskets, 

Pine^ Sugar. 
Planing mill products. 

Pine, Western White. 

Planing mill products. Instruments, musical. 
Boxes and crates. 

Poplar, Tulip. 

Furniture. Instruments, musical. 

Boxes and crates. Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Planing mill products. Toys. 

Caskets and coffins. Ship and boat building. 

Car construction. Woodenware and novelties. 

Fixtures. Boxes, cigar. 

Baskets. Portable houses. 



80 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

Redwood. 
Tanks and silos, cooperage. Planing mill products. 

Rosewood. 
Fixtures. Woodenware and novelties. 

Spruce, Eastern. 

Ship and boat building. Instruments, musical. 

Planing mill products. 

Spruce, Western. 
Ship and boat building. 

Sycamore. 

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Tamarack. 
Ship and boat building. 

Teak. 

Ship and boat building. 

Walnut, Black. 

Fixtures. Instruments, musical. 

Planing mill products. Woodenware and novelties. 

Furniture. 

Walnut, Circassian. 
Furniture. Fixtures. 



Wood-Using Industries op Maryland 



81 



TABLE 65 DISTRIBUTION OP MARYLAND WOOD USED BY MANUFACTURERS. 



Kind of Wood. 



Comm&rcial 
Range.* 



Lumber Cut 

in 1916 
(Estimated). 



Amount Employed by 
Wood-Using Industries. 



Total, All 
Sources. 



Maryland- 
Grown. 



Softwoods. 

1. Yellow pine 

2. White pine 

3. Hemlock 

4. Cypress 

5. White cedar 

6. Red cedar _._ 

Hardwoods. 

7. Oak species 

8. Chestnut 

9. Red gum 

10. Hard maple 

11. Tulip poplar 

12. Red maple 

13. Hickory species 

14. Basswood 

15. Ash species 

16. Birch species 

17. Sycamore 

18. Beech 

19. Black gum 

20. Black walnut 

21. Elm 

22. Cucumber 

23. Black locust 

24. Wild black cherry. 

25. Holly 

Totals. 



S 
W 
W 

s 
s 

S, C 



c, w, s 

c, w, s 

s 
w 

c, s, w 
s, c, w 
c, w, s 

w 
c, w, s 

w 

s, c 
w, c 
s, c, w 
c, s 

s, c, w 

w 
c, s, w 

W, O 

s 



43,175,000 

1,861,000 

820,000 

217,000 

38,000 

15,000 



24,687,000 

12,963,000 

2,865,000 

2,116,000 

1,613,000 

1,278,000 

1,275,000 

896,000 

519,000 

497,000 
482,000 
468,000 
173,000 
135,000 

105,000 
85,000 
80,000 
50,000 



242,376,000 

4-.748.000 

890,000 

10,439,000 

177,000 

1,000 



27,567,000 
4,282,000 
7,462,000 
2,628,000 

8,145,000 
2,349,000 
3,211,000 
6,902,000 
676,000 

1,275,000 

1,000 

4,050,000 

8,465,000 

187,000 

385,000 

15,000 

1,075,000 

96,000 

1,000 



41,134,000 
89,000 
50,000 



9,118,000 

725,000 

4,645,000 



672,000 

209,000 

615,000 

10,000 

27,000 



15,000 
275,000 
35,000 

25,000 



1,075,000 
35,000 



96,413,000 



337,403,000 



* C, Central; S, Southern; W, Western Maryland. 
occurrence and importance. 



Letters appear in order of regional 



PART III 



THE COUNTIES 



TABLE 66 SUMMARY OP WOOD USED IN MARYLAND, 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1916— BY COUNTIES.* 



YEAR ENDING 



County. 


Grown 

in 
Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Oost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Baltimore City and 
County 


7,565,000 
15,373,000 

3,303,000 

11,300,000 

550,000 

8,320,000 

20,000 

6,690,000 

2,920,000 

550,000 

645,000 
32,000 
756,000 
259,000 
260,000 

21,000 
200,000 


213,419,000 

15,195,000 

14,208,000 

2,605,000 

12,090,000 

4,155,000 
10,035,000 
2,410,000 
1,680,000 
2,050,000 

1,758,000 

2,128,000 

850,000 

974,000 

950,000 

347,000 
20,000 


1,450,000 
20,000 

3,000 


222,424,000 
30,568,000 
17,531,000 
13,905,000 
12,640,000 

12,475,000 

10,058,000 

9,100,000 

4,600,000 

2,600,000 

2,403,000 
2,160,000 
1,606,000 
1,233,000 
1,210,000 

368,000 
220,000 


64 
9 

e 

4 
4 

4 
3 
3 

1 

.7 

.7 
.6 


$23.72 
18.45 
25.25 
18.18 
20.51 

16.50 
27.94 
15.98 
15.80 
34.50 

25.59 
27.67 
20.02 
26.00 
36.74 

39.62 
34.48 


$5,323,073 
563,990 
442,689 
252,725 
259,274 

205,890 
281,063 
145,390 
72,678 
89,700 


2. Wicomico 

3. Washington 

4. Worcester 


5. Anne Arundel 

6. Dorchester 

7. Frederick 

8. Somerset 


9. Caroline 

10. '•Cecil 


11. Talbot 


60,871 
59,775 


12. Garrett 


1&. Kent 


32,160 


14. Allegany 


32,056 


15. Calvert 


44,450 


16. Carroll __ 


14,581 


17. Montgomery 


7,585 


Totals 


58,754,000 


284,874,000 


1,473,000 


345,101,000 


100 


$22.86 


$7,887,770 







Since this data was secured, certain county and city boundaries have been changed. 






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WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, 
BY COUNTIES 



Following are tables and descriptions which show clearly and 
with all necessary detail the kinds of wood manufactured in each 
county of the State, with the amounts grown in Maryland, the 
United States and foreign countries, the total quantities used and 
what they cost. Six counties have been omitted, as forest indus- 
tries are not active in them. These counties are Charles, Harford, 
Howard, Prince George's, Queen Anne's and St. Mary's. These 
counties are all timber producers, but for various reasons their 
manufacturing is done outside. It is significant that Carroll 
County, which pays more per thousand for its material than 
any other county in the State, grows but 6 per cent, or less itself, 
whereas Caroline County, with the cheapest wood, uses 63 per cent, 
of local and Maryland- grown timber. Somerset, which is next, 
utilizes 74 per cent, of Maryland woods and produces them largely 
from her own forests. In number of employees, Baltimore City 
and County lead, with Washington next, then Wicomico and last 
Montgomery. In number of plants, Baltimore, of course, leads 
again, followed by Wicomico and Worcester; Cecil, Calvert and 
Garrett having the fewest. It is significant that the counties of the 
lower Eastern Shore employ to a large extent both men and women. 
The counties will appear in order of importance. 

Baltimore City and County. 

Baltimore City and County naturally lead the State in forest 
industries, as in all other kinds. Twenty-four per cent, of the 
county is wooded and this and neighboring counties produce more 
than 7,000,000 feet of the timher which it manufactures. It is, 
of course, the heaviest importer in the State of high-priced foreign 
woods. All together, there are 38 varieties of wood used by this 
trade in Baltimore. Manufactories of wood employ nearly 8,000 



86 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



people in 164 plants. These plants are of prime importance to 
the industrial activity of the city and the State. With unparal- 
leled shipping facilities by rail and water, there is no reason why 
Baltimore should not continue a leader in the manufacture of forest 
products along the Atlantic Coast. 



TABLE 67 MEN AND PLANTS ENGAGED IN WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF MARY- 
LAND, BY COUNTIES, EXCLUDING BALTIMORE. 



County. 


No. 

Plants. 


No. 

Men. 


Average 

Men Per 

Plant. 


1. Washington"* 


15 

21 

5 

17 
6 

9 
9 
5 

3 

8 

2 

7 
2 

2 

4 

3 


966 
491* 
420 
294f 
288 

144 
143 
122 

89 

86 

75 

58 
27 
25 
14 

10 


64 


2. Wicomico 

3. Frederick 


23 

84 


4. Worcester 


17 


5. Anne Arundel _■ _ 

6. Somerset 


48 
16 


7. Dorchester .. __ 


16 


8. Talbot — 


24 


9. Kent _ 


30 


10. Allegany 


11 


11. Cecil 


37 


12. Caroline 

13. Calvert - — 


8 
13 


14. Garrett — 


12 


15. Carroll _ - 


3 




3 








118 


3,252 









* One-tenth -women and children. 
+ One-hall women and children. 



Wicomico County. 

Wicomico County, although of course far behind Baltimore,, 
leads the rest of the State in manufacturing of wooden products. 
Forty-six per cent, of the county is wooded and more than half of 
what it manufactures is locally produced. It is well located for 
growing, manufacturing and shipping, and in certain industries 
stands foremost in Maryland. The manufacturing of boxes and 
baskets leads, with a certain number of establishments manufac- 



Wood-UIsing Industries of Maryland 

TABLE 68 BALTIMORE CITY (AND COUNTY). 



87 



Kind of Wood. 



1. S. yellow pines. 

2. Oak species 

3. Cypress 

4. Black gum 

5. Basswood 



6. Tulip poplar .. 

7. E.' white pine. 

8. Chestnut 

9. Red maple 

10. Red gum 



11. Hard maple ... 

12. Beech 

13. Yellow buckeye. 

14. Mahogany 

15. Douglas fir 

16. W. white pine 

17. Hickory species. 

18. Ash species 

19. Birch species ... 

20. Eastern spruce.. 



21. Spanish cedar 

22. Hemlock 

23. Black walnut . 

24. Cotton gum_. 

25. American elm 



26. Circassian walnut. 

27. Western spruce ... 

28. Cherry 

29. Cedar species 

30. Lignum-vitae 

31. Rosewood 

32. Cucumber 

33. Teak 

34. Tamarack 

35. Redwood 

36. Holly 

37. Sycamore 

38. Boxwood 

Totals. 



Mary- 
land 
Grown 



1,804,000 
4,632,000 

95,000 



300,000 

539,000 



104,000 
11,000 



35,000 



35,000 



United 
States. 



156,281,000 

10,759,000 

7,962,000 

6,940,000 

6,183,000 

5,834,000 
4,114,000 
2,627,000 
2,140,000 
2,137,000 

1,282,000 
1,230,000 
1,000,000 

860,000 

820,000 
582,000 
648,000 
609,000 
485,000 



200,000 
152.C30 
175,000 
163,000 



100,000 
61,000 
52,000 



15,000 



5,000 
1,000 

J.OOO 
1,000 



Foreign. 



937,000 



332,000 



115,000 



30,000 
26,000 
9,000 



1,000 



Total 
Bd. Ft. 



158,085,000 

15,391,000 

7,962,000 

7,035,000 

6,183,000 

6,134,000 
4,114,000 
3,166,000 
2,140,000 
2,137,000 

1,282,000 

1,230,000 

1,000,000 

937,000 

860,000 

820,000 
686,000 
659,000 
609,000 
485,000 

332,000 
200,000 
187,000 
175,000 
163,000 

115,000 

100,000 

96,000 

52,000 

80,000 

26,000 

15,000 

9,000 

5,000 

1,000 

1,000 
1,000 
1,000 



Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 



1.5 
1 

1 



Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 



$17.85 
40.99 
35.82 
19.12 
29.88 

47.39 
49.16 
29.46 
21.88 
22.62 

35.19 
20.32 
50.00 
138.26 
34.97 

34.48 
60.12 
39.61 
47.02 
24.48 



26.00 

103.37 

29.86 

34.66 

228.26 
35.00 
71.15 
56.83 

162.50 

348.07 
39.00 

350.00 
50.00 
55.00 

126.00 
120.00 
120.00 



Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 



,821,126 
630,806 
285,182 
134,510 

184,774 

290,679 
202,229 
93,264 
46,825 
48,345 

45,119 
25,000 
50,000 
129,547 
30,075 

28,275 
41,240 



11,875 

76,200 
5,200 

19,330 
5,225 
5,650 

26,250 
3,500 
6,830 
2,955 
4,875 

9,050 
585 

3,150 
250 
55 



126 
120 
120 



7,555,000 



213,419,000 



1,450,000 



222,424,000 



100 



$23.72 



$5,323,073 



88 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



turing planing mill products. Furniture, cooperage, woodenware 
and novelties, boats and vehicles are also included in the local 
output. 

This county manufactures products of eight kinds of wood, 
southern yellow pine being far in the lead. It is interesting to note 
that nearly one-half of this pine was grown in Maryland. Salisbury 
is one of the three principal centers of the State in point of wood- 
using industries. 



TABLE 69 WICOMICO COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O.B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Red gum 


12,985,000 

1,870,000 

243,000 

125,000 
85,000 


13,885,000 
250,000 
380,000 
455,000 
125,000 

100,000 




26,870,000 

2,120,000 

623,000 

455,000 

250,000 

100,000 
85,000 
65,000 


88 
7 
2 

1.5 
1 

.5 


$17.72 
17.74 
32.16 
39.62 
21.73 

40.00 
17.94 
17.92 


$476,115 

37,600 

20,038 

18,025 

5,432 

4,000 
1,525 


3. Oak species 

4. Cypress __ 

5. Tulip poplar 

6. E. white pine 


8. Red maple' 


65,000 




1,163 










Totals 


15,373,000 


15,195,000 




30,568,000 


100 


$18.45 


$563,900 







Washington County. 

The forest industries of "Washington County stand third in 
the State. A certain amount of material used is Mary land-grown, 
and foreign woods are also employed to a small extent. Manufac- 
turing centers at Hagerstown, where furniture-making is the chief 
wood-using industry. Planing mill products are also got out to 
a large extent, and to a lesser degree vehicles, musical instruments, 
wooden boxes and novelties. The county has a present wooded 
area of 24 per cent. 

There are 18 different kinds of wood used by the manufac-. 
teries of Washington County, this being a larger variety than is 




PLATE XX. FIG. 1— THE EARLY MILL. 

Up-and-down saws once cut Maryland's lumber. Portable mills and circular saws have 

replaced them over the State, though the old type shown was 

operated recently in Harford County. 




PLATE XX. PIG. 2 — RED OAK CHAIR STOCK. 



A Howard County portable mill is cutting- this material, chiefly for chair legs, 

from local woodlands. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



89 



shown by any other district outside of Baltimore, 
consumption, followed closely by yellow pine. 



Oak leads in 



With Baltimore in the central section of the State and Salis- 
bury on the Eastern Shore, Hagerstown is the third center of wood 
manufacturing in the State, with its numJerous activities in Western 
Maryland. It is well situated in a strong network of railway lines, 
which add great importance to city and county in the shipping of 
both raw and finished products. 



TABLE 7C 



-WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Oak species 

2. S. yellow pines 

3. Hickory species 

4. Black locust _, 


1,695,000 

508,000 
1,075,000 


5,070,000 
3,400,000 
2,007,000 


10,000 
10,000 


6,665,000 
3,400,000 
2,515,000 
1,075,000 
704,000 

637,000 
495,000 
450,000 
439,000 
375,000 

308,000 
166,000 
105,000 
100,000 
50,000 

22,000 
15,000 
10,000 


38 
19 
14 

6 

4 

4 
3 
3 
3 
2 

2 

1 
.5 
.5 


$32.29 

21.07 

14.19 

9.30 

25.67 

30.00 
23.63 
33.22 
22.89 
32.60 

23.62 
26.87 
26.57 
40.50 
61.00 

22.73 
30.00 
145.00 


$215,21& 

7i,aso 

35,700 
10,000 


5. Basswood _ 

6. Tulip poplar 


704,000 

637,000 
445,000 
450,000 
439,000 
375,000 

298,000 

166,000 

105,000 

40,000 

50,000 

22,000 


18,072 
19,109 


7. Chestnut 

8. Cypress 


50,000 


11 ,-695 
14,950 


9. Hard maple-— 




10,049 


10. Eastern^ spruce 

11. Beech „ 

12. Birch species 

13. Red gum 

14. E. white pine 

15. W. white pine 

16. Elm 


10,000 
50,000 

15,000 


12,225 

7,274 
4,460 
2,790 
4,050 
3,050 

500 
450 


18. Mahogany 





1,450 


Totals 


3,303,000 


14,208,000 


20,000 


17,531,000 


100 


$25.25 


$442,689 







Worcester Oounty. 

Worcester County is remarkable in that it used nearly five 
times as much Maryland wood as that produced outside the State. 
In Worcester Oounty, six varieties of wood are manufactured : 



90 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



large quantities of yellow pines and red gum, with smaller amounts 
of oak, cypress, black gum and red maple. Four per cent, of 
the wood used in Maryland is utilized in Worcester County, which 
secures its miaterial at a very low cost. Worcester County has 
the highest per cent, of forest land of any Eastern Shore county — 
47 per cent, of its total area now being wooded. This fact, together 
with natural shipping, manufacturing and labor advantages, is 
largely responsible for giving it so high a place in the industries 
of the State. The county manufactures baskets, boxes, cooperage 
and planing mill products in large amounts, also turning out boats, 
Avoodenware and novelties. 





TABLE 71- WORCESTER 


COUNTY 


















Per 


Av.Cost 


Total 




Mary- 


United 




Total 


Cent. 


Per M 


Cost 


Kind of Wood. 


land. 


States. 


Foreign. 


Bd. rt. 


of 
Whole. 


at Fac- 
tory. 


P. .0. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 


9,275,000 


1,845,000 




n, 120,000 


80 


$17.11 


$190,255 


2. Red gum 


1,408,000 


225,000 




1,633,000 


12 


18.36 


29,985 


3. Oak species 


483,000 







483,000 


3 


28.90 


13,955 


4. Cypress 





285,000 




285,000 


2 


36.05 


10,275 


5, Black gum 





250,000 





.250,000 


2 


17.00 


4,250 


6. Red maple 


134,000 







134,000 


1 


29.85 


4,005 


Totals 


11,300,000 


2,605,000 




13,905,000 


loo 


$18.18 


$252,725 







Anne Arundel County. 

Anne Arundel County, fifth in the State, manufactures large 
quantities of southern yellow pine and smaller amounts of six. 
other woods. Thirty-four per cent, of the total land area is covered 
with woodland, but very small amounts of local material are manu- 
factured. Being close to Baltimore will account for some of the 
industries w^ich are located across the river in Anne Arundel 
County, since shipping and employment advantages are almost equal 
there, with certain costs naturally less. 

Large amjounts of planing mill products are turned out, to- 
gether with quantities of boxes and railway cars. A great deal 
of car repairing is also done. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



91 



TABLE 72 ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Black gum 

3. Oak species 

4. Cypress __ _. 

5. Tulip poplar 

6. Douglas fir 

7. E. white pine 


100,000 
450,000 


10,637,000 

1,000,000 

55,000 

165,000 

100,000 

100,000 
33,000 




10,737,000 

1,000,000 

505,000 

165,000 

100,000 

100,000 
33,000 


85 
8 
4 
1 
1 

1 


$19.98 
13.50 
32.92 
41.42 
16.00 

45.00 
50.45 


$214,540 
13,500 
16,626 
6,835 
1,600 

4,500 

1.665 


Totals __ 


550,000 


12,090,000 





12,640.000 


100 


$20.51 


$259,274 







Dorchester County. 

Dorchester County used twice as much wood grown in Maryland 
as was brought in from outside to be manufactured there. 

Boxes are first in order of importance, but planing mill pro- 
ducts also lead. Baskets and boats are produced by the factories of 
the county. 



TABLE 73- 



-DORCHESTER COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 


8,130,000 
130,000 


3,860,000 
100,000 
180,000 




11,990,000 

230,000 

180,000 

40,000 

25,000 

10,000 


96 
2 

1.5 
.3 
.2 


$16.07 
17.22 
42.33 
16.87 
21.40 

38.00 


$192,630 
3,960 




7,620 


4. Oak species 

5. Yellow poplar 

6. Eastern spruce 


40,000 
20,000 


675- 


5,000 
10,000 


535 
380 


Totals 


8,320,000 


4,155,000 




12,475,000 


100 


$16.50 


$205,800 







Six kinds of woods are used, with yellow pine the only variety 
handled in large amounts. The forest area of Dorchester County 



92 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



is 37 per cent, of the whole, and real, natural advantages are likely 
to increase rather than diminish this important branch of the 
county's activities. 

Frederick County. 

Frederick County shows a considerable diversity in indus- 
tries. They are not many in number, but their consumption of 
wood and timiber is high and the output very important. Sixteen 
kinds of wood are used, from yellow pine to mahogany. Pine, 
beech and Douglas fir stand first. Although Frederick has 21 
per cent, in forest, practically none of the Avood manufactured in 
Frederick City is locally produced. The city is well located for 
manufacturing of any kind and the brushes, cooperage, planing 
mill products, and to a lesser extent baskets, which are the chief 
output, enjoy a tremendous demand and are of much importance to 
the city, county and State. 



TABLE 74 



-FREDERICK COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Oost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Beech 

3. Douglas fir .. 

4. Cypress 

5. Sugar maple 





3,060,000 

2,500,000 

2,000,000 

550,000 

500,000 

500,000 
350,000 
175,000 
110,000 
100,000 

50,000 
60,000 
40,000 
40,000 


3,000 


3,060,000 

2,500,000 

2,000,000 

550,000 

500.000 

500,000 
350,000 
175,000 
110,000 
100,000 

60,000 
60,000 
40,000 
40,000 
10,000 

3,000 


30 
25 
20 

5.4 

5 

5 
3.5 

2 

1 
1 

.6 
.6 
.4 
.4 
.1 


$26.40 
21.50 
31.50 
39.82 
23.50 

21.00 
37.00 
43.33 
44.09 
45.50 

44.67 
65.00 
27.50 
25.00 
17.00 

200.00 


$80,800 
53,750 
63,000 
21,900 
11,750 


6. Birch species 

7. E. white pine 




10,500 
12,950 


8. Chestnut 

9. Oak species 

10. Redwood 

11. Tulip poplar 

12. W. white pine 

13. Eastern spruce 

14. Hemlock 


10,000 


7,563 
4,850 
4,550 

2,680 
3,900 
1,100 
1,000 


15. Basswood 

16. Mahogany 


10,000 


170 
600 


Totals 


20,000 


10,035,000 


3,000 


10,058,000 


100 


$27.94 


$281,063 











Wood-USing Industries of Maryland 



93 



Somerset County. 

Somerset County has high rank among the manufacturing 
counties of the State. Like other sections of the Eastern Shore, 
much more Maryland than foreign-grown wood is used. Seven 
kinds of wood are demanded, and yellow pine, which is an im- 
portant timber locally, is far in the lead. Twenty-five per cent, of 
the county is still in woodland and an important source of the pine 
which is so largely used. 

Boxes, baskets and planing mill products lead, with cooper- 
age and boats also manufactured. Like the other counties of the 
Eastern Shore, veneered fruit packages make up a large part of 
the output. 





TABLE 75 SOMERSET 


COUNTY. 








Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign . 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O.B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Red gum 


5,850,000 

450,000 

310,000 

70,000 

5,000 
5,000 


2,360,000 




8,210,000 

450,000 

310,000 

70,000 

50,000 

5,000 
5,000 


90 
5 
3 

1 
1 


$15.61 
16.00 
22.26 
15.86 
37.50 

18.00 
18.00 


$128,125 
7,200 


3. Oak species 




6,900 


4. Black gum 




1,110 


5. Cypress _ 

6. Beech 


50,000 


1,875 
90 


7. Red maple 




90 








Totals 


6,690,000 


2,410,000 




9,100,000 


100 


$15.98 


$145,390 



Caroline County. 

Caroline County is largely wooded — 30 per cent. — and this is 
reflected in the activity of its forest industries. These used seven 
kinds of wood in commercial quantities, southern yellow pine lead- 
ing. Most of the yellow pine is Maryland-grown, and, in fact, but 
one-third of all wood used is grown outside of Maryland. Caro- 
line County handles the cheapest wood of any county in the State, 
paying but $15.80 per thousand for it at the factory. 

In manufacturing, boxes lead, followed by baskets in large 
amounts and also planing mill products. 



94 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE 76 CAROLINE COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Red gum 


2,525,000 
300,000 
50,000 

25,000 

15,000 
5,000 


1,655,000 





4,180,000 

300,000 

50,000 

25,000 

25,000 

15,000 
5,000 


91 
7 
1 
.5 
.5 


$15.38 
18.79 
18.50 
40.00 
19.00 

18.00 
19.00 


$64,275 
5,638 


3. Tulip poplar 




925 


4.- Cypress 

5. Black gum 


25,000 


1,000 
475 


6. Oak species 


270 


7. Red maple 


• 


95 








Totals __„ 


2,920,000 


1,680,000 




4,600,000 


100 


$15.80 


$72,678 







Cecil County. 
This county, although not particularly active in the manu- 
facture of wood, nevertheless has one product of local impor- 
tance. This industry, which is practically the only one in the 
county where wood is used in large measure, is the manufac- 
ture of boats. Three woods only are used: yellow pine, oak and 
cedar. All of the oak is grown in Maryland and none of the others. 
Twenty-four per cent, of Cecil County is wooded. Its important 
stands of chestnut and oak have been and are being rapidly re- 
moved. 

TABLE 77 CECIL COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States., 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. Yellow pines 

2. Oak species 


550,000 


1,925,000 




1,925,000 
550,000 
125,000 


74 
21 
5 


$38.29 
20.00 
40.00 


$73,700 
11,000 


3. Cedar species 


125,000 


5,000 








Totals 


550,000 


2,050,000 




2,600,000 


100 


$34.50 


$89,700 







Talbot County. 

The manufacture of wood in Talbot County is diversified- 
boats, planing mill products, boxes, furniture and vehicles all be- 




PLATE XXI. OCTAGON BERRY BOX. 

Berry boxes and other fruit containers are important to the^Eastern Shore. To a large 

extent they are manufactured of local woods and later used for 

fruits grown in the same sections. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



95 



ing produced. Six kinds of woods are used, the oaks and southern 
yellow pines being" in chief demand. A considerable quantity of the 
wood employed is grown in Maryland, and much of this comes from 
the 29 per cent, of Talbot County which is in forest land. 



TABLE 



-TALBOT COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F.O.B. 

Factory. 


1. Oak species 

2. S. yellow pines 

3. Tulip poplar _ 

4. Chestnut 


355,000 

240,000 
20,000 


895,000 
322,000 
280,000 
160,000 
101,000 




1,250,000 
562,000 
300,000 
160,000 
101,000 

30,000 


53 
23 
13 
7 

4 

1 


$29.15 
16.12 
20.00 
18.00 
54.08 

16.00 


$36,443 
9,606 
6,000 
2,880 






5,462 


6. Red gum 


80,000 


480 








Totals.... 


645,000 


1,758,000 




2,403,000 


100 


$25.59 


$60,871 







Garrett County. 

Grarrett County, although possessing 63 per cent, of its area 
in woodland, the highest portion of any county in the State, is 
hardly a manufacturing region. This would naturally be so, since 
it is placed in the western part of the State, and somewhat re- 
moved by location and shipping facilities from the larger markets 
of Maryland and adjoining States. It is rather a, producing than 
a manufacturing county, since practically nothing but planing 
mill products are got out in commercial quantities. Oak and hem- 
lock, hard maple, southern yellow pine and tulip poplar are the 
chief woods used, a small amount of oak and tulip poplar coming 
from Maryland. The forests of Grarrett County were once prob- 
ably as fine as any woodland occurring in the East, though this is 
dow changed and there is very little virgin timber left. The mate- 
rial standing, chiefly hardwoods, still represents a rich store of 
unused and usable forest material, although it is not likely that 
manufacturing locally will ever play a very important part. As 
to the forests of Grarrett County, it is certain that their annual 



96 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



production in timber and unmanufactured forest products will 
continue of great value and importance to both the county and 
the State. 





TABLE 70 GARRETT 


COUNTY. 








Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. O.B. 

Factory. 


1. Oak species 

2. Hemlock 


7,000 


1,016,000 
600,000 
407,000 
75,000 

30,00d 




1,023,000 

600,000 

407,000 

75,000 

55,000 


47 

28 

19 

3 

3 


$31.96 
18.00 
32.31 
27.00 

50.00 


$32,700 

10,800' 

13,150 

2,025 

1,100 


3. Hard maple - 




4. S. Yellow pines 

5. Tulip poplar 


25,000 


Totals. 


32,000 


2,128,000 




2,160,000 


100 


$27.67 


$59,775- 





Kent County. 

This is a county which is chiefly devoted to progressive agri- 
cultural uses. Only 19 per cent, of it is wooded, but nevertheless 
some manufacturing is done. Boxes and baskets are made, as well 
as planing mill products, and nearly one-half of the material 
utilized is grown in Maryland. All of the gum and oak are native, 
and one-half of the pine. Cypress is brought in altogether from 
outside, as also a large part of the elm and yellow poplar which are 
used in local industries. 

TABLE SO— KENT COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 

Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Red gum 


200,000 
450,000 
75,000 
25,000 


400,000 

175,000 
175,000 
100,000 





600,000 
450,000 
250,000 
200,000 
100,000 

6,000 


37 
28 
16 
13 
6 


$21.00 

17.61 
16.50 
16.50 
40.00 

35.00 


$12,600 
7,925 


3. Tulip poplar 

4. American elm 


4,125 
3,300 
4,000 


6. Oak species 


6,000 


210 


Totals 


756,000 


850,000 




1,606,000 


100 


$20.02 


$32,160 







Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



97 



Allegany County. 

The status of the wood-using industries in Allegany County 
is very similar to that of Grarrett County, and for the same reasons. 
Sixty-two per cent, of the county is in woodland, and a certain 
amount of the large annual cut is devoted to local industries and 
the manufacture of planing mill products. Eight varieties of wood 
are used — pine, poplar and oak being the leaders. This county is 
more important for its unmanufactured forest products and its 
reserves of merchantable timber, which rising prices and increased 
demands are daily making more accessible. 





TABLE 81 ALLEGANY 


COUNTY. 








Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Tulip poplar 

3. Oak species 


30,000 
74,000 


497,000 

187,000 

107,000 

96,000 

25,000 

12,000 




497,000 
217,000 
181,000 
96,000 
91,000 

51,000 
50,000 
50,000 


40 
18 
15 

8 

7 

4 

4 

4 


$19.73 
27.17 
35.44 
36.94 

15.50 

35.94 
18.00 
45.00 


$9,806 
5,896 
6,415 
3,546 


5. Chestnut 


66,000 

39, COO 
50,000 


1,410 


C. E. white pine 


1,833 
900 


8. Sugar pine __ 


50,000 


2,250 


Totals... 


259,000 


974,000 




1,233,000 


100 


$26.00 


$32,056 







Calvert County. 

This is the smallest county, but nevertheless ranks fifteenth in 
the State in importance of wood-using industries. Boats are its 
chief product, for which yellow pine and oak are exclusively used. 
All of the oak and none of the pine comes from Maryland. 

TABLE 82 CALVERT COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
Per M 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 
'Cost 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. S. yellow pines 

2. Oak species 


260,000 


950,000 





950,000 
260,000 


79 
21 


$38.26 
31.15 


$36,350 
8,100 


Totals _ 


260,000 


950,000 




1,210,000 


100 


$36.74 


$44,450 





98 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Carroll County. 

Only 13 per cent, of this county is in forest land, and it is 
therefore not remarkable that this county pays the highest prices 
in Maryland for the wood which it manufactures. It is a stirring 
argument in favor of local production for home consumption. A 
small amount of manufacturing is carried on, the output being 
confined to vehicles, cooperage and planing mill products. Although 
small amounts of wood are used, there are nine varieties in all. 
Practically all of this was grown outside of Maryland. 



TABLE 83 CARROLL COUNTY. 



Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Av.Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Cost 

F. 0. B. 

Factory. 


1. Chestnut 




125,000 
80,000 
57,000 
50,000 
20,000 

7,000 





125,000 
80,000 
65,000 
52,000 
20,000 

10,000 
7,000 
7,000 
2,000 


34 

22 

18 

14 

5 

3 
2 
2 


$40.00 
30.00 
42.60 
50.77 
40.00 

35.40 
32.00 
32.00 
85.00 


85,000 






2,400 

2,769 

2,640 

800 


3. Oak species 

4. Tulip poplar 

5. Cypress _. _. 


8,000 

2,000 


6. Hickory species 

7. Red gum 


3,000 

7,000 


354 
224 


8. Beech 


7,000 
1,000 


224 


9. Ash species 


1,000 


170 


Totals.. .--~ 


21,000 


347,000 




368,000 


100 


$39.6? 


$14,581 







Montgomery County. 

Montgomery is not a heavily wooded county, only 22 per cent, 
of it being in forest land, and this confined mostly to small farm 
woodlots. However, ten times as much Maryland wood, is used as 
that grown outside the State. In fact, much of the wood which is 
used comes from the county itself. Oak, chestnut, pine, poplar, 
basswood and cottonwood are being utilized in Montgomery County 
for the manufacture of furniture, boxes and planing mill products. 



WooD-UfeiNG Industries of Maryland 



99 





TABLE 84 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 








Kind of Wood. 


Mary- 
land. 


United 
States. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 

of 
Whole. 


Ay. Cost 
PerM 

at Fac- 
tory. 


Total 

Coat 

F. O. B. 

Factory. 


1. Oak species _ 

2. Chestnut 


90,000 
70,000 
25,000 
15,000 


10,000 





90,000 
70,000 
35,000 
15,000 
5,000 
5,000 


41 
32 
16 

7 
2 
2 


$32.22 
38.57 
28.86 
45.00 
30.00 
30.00 


$2,900 
2,700 


3. S. yellow pines 


1,010 
675 


5. Basswood 

6. Cottonwood 


5,000 

5,000 


150 
150 


Totals 


200,000 


20,000 




220,000 


100 


$34.48 


$7,585 







APPENDIX 



STATE'S DIRECTORY OF 
MANUFACTURERS 



(Firms furnishing data.) 

1. Boxes and Crates. 

A. A. Gassinger & Son 403-11 W. Barre st Baltimore 

C. C. Lurssen's Sons Co Mount & Cole sts Baltimore 

H. F. Radecke & Sons Bush & Ridgely sts Baltimore 

Wm. H. Asendorf & Co Russell & Stockholm sts Baltimore 

J. H. Duker Co Aliceanna & Eden sts Baltimore 

Canton Box Co 2515 Boston st Baltimore 

Henry D. Lewis 1402-4 Leadenhall st Baltimore 

Wm. Suchting & Sons 605 Portland st Baltimore 

Chas. Fortenbaugh 636 W. Pratt st Baltimore 

Balto. Box & Shook Co 901 S. Caroline st Baltimore 

H. D. Dugan & Co Aliceanna st Baltimore 

Rittler Box Co 613-21 S. Caroline st Baltimore 

Union Box Co [708 Aliceanna st Baltimore 

Acme Box Co Eden & Fleet sts Baltimore 

Steiner Mantel Co 8th st & Fairmount ave Baltimore 

Geo. E. Iglehart Co 5th lane & 14 st Baltimore 

Southern Can Co 717 S. Wolfe st Baltimore 

Continental Can Co.. Highlandtown Baltimore 

Balto. Mill & Cabinet Co 407-9 Dover st Baltimore 

John Clark & Co 411-13 Camden st Baltimore 

A. Weiskittel Sons & C Lombard st Baltimore 

Woolford & Smith Cambridge 

A. B. Cochran Co Crisfield 

Tawes & Gilson Crisfield 

W. C. Meier Co.. Crisfield 

G. T. Reddin & Co Denton 

Hughes Lumber & Coal Co Denton 

H. C. Hobibs Denton 

East Brooklyn Box Co East Brooklyn 

J. B. Webster & Co East New Market 

Easton Furniture Mfg. Co Easton 

L. S. Fleckenstein & Son , Easton 

J. C. Foster & Co Federalsburg 

Banjamin & Graham Co Fruitland 



104 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

Chatham Bros Fruitland 

H. H. Moore Greensboro 

Hagerstown Furniture Co Hagerstown ' 

B. 0. Hudson Co Harold 

G. A. Thompson & Sons Hurlock 

Wm. A. Sparklen Oxford 

Marvel Package Co ; Pocomoke 

Eastern Shore Co Powellsville 

Phillipps & Douglas Preston 

Princess Anne Milling Co Princess Anne 

Cohn & Bock Princess Anne 

Day, Swing & Co Ridgely 

Samuel W. Wheatley Rhodesdale 

G. E. Leary & Son Rock Hall 

Huston Sons Co Salisbury 

C. R. Dickerson & Co Salisbury 

Morris Bros. & Co Salisbury 

E. S. Adkins & Co Salisbury 

Jackson Bros. & Co Salisbury 

D. J. Elliott Salisbury 

L. E. Williams & Co Salisbury 

J. H. Tomlinson Salisbury 

Marvel Package Co Sharptown 

Showell Mfg. Co Showell 

Godfrey Mfg. Co Snow Hill 

Snow Hill Butter-Dish & Basket Co Snow Hill 

The Corddrey Co Snow Hill 

Wango Mfg. Co Wango 

Washington Grove Mfg. Co ^Washington Grove 

G. V. Teeters Westover 

Poco-Wico Co Willards 

Grover Davis Willards 

Petey Mfg. Co Whaleysville 

Wimbrow Bros Whaleysville 



2. Planing Mill Products. 

Farinholt-Meredith Co Annapolis 

W. B. Gardiner Annapolis 

Canton Lumber Co Boston st., ft. of Kenwood. .Baltimore 

Jas. Thomas & Son Leadenhall & Henrietta sts. .Baltimore 

Wm. D. Gill & Son, Inc 1311 Philpot st Baltimore 

L. H. Poehlman & Sons 340 Frederick ave Baltimore 

John F. Wilson Co Frederick road Baltimore 

Schoppert & Spates Front & Low sts Baltimore 

Balto. Sash & Door Co Cor. Howard & West sts. . . .Baltimore 

Otto Duker Albemarle & Fleet sts Baltimore 



Wood-Ij'sing Industries of Maryland 100 

Horstmeier Lumber Co 305 E. Falls ave Baltimore 

Kelly Sawing & Planing 

Mills Fleet and President sts Baltimore 

Heise & Bruns Co 600 S. Caroline st Baltimore 

Sloane Lumber Co 414 Light st Baltimore 

Pioneer Har'dwood &. . 

Flooring Co. . Canton ave. & President st . Baltimore 

Wm. C. Scherer & Co 808-12 W. Baltimore st Baltimore 

Wm. C. Dorsey Phila. rd. & Highlandtown . .Baltimore 

J. L. Gilbert & Bros E. Falls & Eastern ave Baltimore 

Atlantic Mill & Lumber Co.. .Dock st. and Wharf Baltimore 

McCoy, Easter Co Clifton ave. & W. M. R. R. . . Baltimore 

Solmson Fly iScreen Co Bayard & Nanticoke sts Baltimore 

Tinley Bros. Co Bush & Nanticoke sts Baltimore 

W. W. Bosley & Co Bayard & Nanticoke sts Baltimore 

Jones Woodwork Co 625-27 Portland st Baltimore 

Summer & Gerlach 1401 N. Regester st Baltimore 

Lafayette Mill & Lumber Co. Lafayette ave. & P., B. & 

W. R. R Baltimore 

Louis Heim 831 S. Caroline st Baltimore 

Balto. Mill & Cabinet Co.. . .407-9 Dover st Baltimore 

John Dittmar & Sons 800 E. Pratt st Baltimore 

J. H. Geis & Co Brooklyn 

Brooklyn Bldg. & Supply Co Brooklyn 

Cambridge Mfg. Co Cambridge 

W. S. & A. M. Culp Chestertown 

Kendall Lumber Co Crellin 

Tawes & Gibson Crisfield 

W. C. Meier Co. . Crisfield 

F. Martens Sons Cumberland 

Cumberland Sash & Door Co Cumberland 

Cessna Lumber Co Cumberland 

W. Md. Lumber Co : Cumberland 

Cumberland Lumber Co Cumberland 

Hughes Lumber and Coal Co Denton 

L. S. Fleckenstein & Son Easton 

C. N. Lowery Ellerslie 

J. B. Webster & Co East New Market 

W. D. Bowers Lumber Co Frederick 

Wilcoxon & Brown Frederick 

C. S. Jeffries Frostburg 

Benjamin & Graham Co Fruitland 

Wm. J. Lewis Gaithersburg 

Edgar Fulks Gaithersburg 

Jamison (formerly Jones Cold Storage Door Co.) Hagerstown 

West Side Lumber & Door Co Hagerstown 

Danzer Lumber Co Hagerstown 



106 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

S. Rinehart Cohill Hancock 

G. A. Thompson & Sons Hurlock 

Marshall Bros Lonaconing 

People's Lumber Supply Co., Inc Mt. Airy 

C. M. Rathibun & Sons Oakland 

Phillipps & Douglas Preston 

Princess Anne Milling Co Princess Anne 

Cohn & Bock Princess Anne 

Young & Sons Pocomoke 

Quince Ashburne Pocomoke 

Huston Sons Co Salisbury 

Morris Bros. Co Salisbury 

Salislbury Woodworking Co Salisbury 

L. E. Williams & Co Salisbury 

Godfrey Mfg. Co Snow Hill 

The Corddry Mfg. Co Snow Hill 

Smith & Reifsnyder Westminster 

Lumber, Coal & Supply Co. of Carroll County. Westminster 

E. B. Maloney Williston 



3. Tanks, Silos, Cooperage. 

Balto. Cooperage Co Stockholm & Leadenhall sts. . Baltimore 

Fred'k Albrecht Pratt & Smallwood sts Baltimore 

Raehl Bros 2022 Frederick ave Baltimore 

F. Schlimme 620-6 Portland st Baltimore 

John Raehl 1653 Ridgely st Baltimore 

Emil Dahms S. E. cor. 4th & Hudson sts. . Baltimore 

David Garratt 1209 S. Bouldin st Baltimore 

The Economy Silo Mfg. Co Frederick 

Corddry & Chandler Fruitland 

C. W. Pilchard . .' Girdletree 

W. J. Hall Marion 

Wm. B. Duncan Pocomoke 

Peninsula Produce Exchange Pocomoke 

Z. Cherrix Snow Hill 

P. Wharton & Son Stockton 

Oystermen's Barrel Co Stockton 

Englar & Sponsellar Westminster 



4. Oar Construction. 

Maryland Steel Co iSparrows Point Baltimore 

Mt. Clare Shops (B. & 0. 

R. R.) W. Pratt St Baltimore 

Balto. Car & Foundry Co Curtis Bay 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 107 

5. Furniture. 

a. A. Gassinger & Son 403-11 W. Barre st Baltimore 

Hughes Furniture Mfg. Co.. .Herbert & Beason Sts Baltimore 

O'Keef e Bros 500 Frederick ave Baltimore 

M. Pimes & Co 100-14 N. Front st Baltimore 

Becker Bros. & Son, Inc Lexington st & Fred'k road. ..Baltimore 

Reliable Furniture Mfg. Co. .305 President st Baltimore 

Bagby Furniture Co Eastern ave Baltimore 

J. C. Knipp & Sons 218-20 Clay st Baltimore 

Levenson & Zenitz Howard & Ostend sts Baltimore 

Steiner Mantel Co 8th st. & Fairmount ave Baltimore 

Harry Roesch & Sons 331-35 E. Fremont st Baltimore 

Chesapeake Mfg. Co Sharp & Barre sts Baltimore 

Potthast Bros 1438 Wicomico st Baltimore 

Balto. Mill & Cabinet Co 407-9 Dover st Baltimore 

John Dittmar & Sons 800 E. Pratt st Baltimore 

Easton Furniture Mfg. Co Easton 

Brandt Cabinet Works Hagerstown 

Hagerstown Lounge Co Hagerstown 

Hagerstown Table Works Hagerstown 

Hagerstown Furniture Co Hagerstown 

Main Furniture Co Hagerstown 

Hagerstown Mantel & Furniture Co Hagerstown 

Harry Wilson Salisbury 

Washington Grove Mfg. Co ^Washington Grove 



6. Ship and Boat Building. 

John S. Beacham 900 Key Highway Baltimore 

Balto. Dry Docks & Ship- 
building Co Ft. of Cross st., Locust Pt. . .Baltimore 

Spedden Shipbuilding Co Boston st. & Kenwood ave. . . Baltimore 

Chas. L. Rohde & Sons Co. . . Foot of 3rd st Baltimore 

Chesapeake Marine Rail- 
way Co S. E. cor. Philpot & Point sts. Baltimore 

Md. Steel Co Sparrows Point Baltimore 

Wm. E. Woodall & Co Foot of Woodall st Baltimore 

Chesapeake Ship^Geiling Co..901 Fell st Baltimore 

C. Durm & Son Foot of Hanover st Baltimore 

Thompson Engine & Yacht 

Co Foot of Charles st Baltimore 

Nelson Yacht Bldg. Co Ferry Bar Baltimore 

Thames Yacht Bldg. Co Ferry Bar Baltimore 

Booz Bros 15-19 Key Highway Baltimore 

Md. Dredging & Constr. Co.. Foot of Woodall st Baltimore 

Lewis Waggner Co 17 S Gay st Baltimore 



108 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



Wm. A. Hoare. Colgate Creek Baltimore 

Cambridge Mfg. Co Cambridge 

Southern Transportation Co Chesapeake City 

J. B. Nelson Crisfield 

E. Deibert & Co.. Elkton 

S. J. Cooper Oxford 

Wm. A. Sparklen Oxford 

E. Jas. Tu'll Pocomoke 

Smith & Williams Co Salisbury 

Sharptown Marine Railway Co Sharptown 

M. M. Davis & Son Solomon's Island 

C. L. Marsh Solomon's Island 

7. Baskets. 

Acme Basket Co 739 W. Lexington st Baltimore 

The Wysham Co 106 S. Hanover st Baltimore 

Berlin Veneer Works Berlin 

Cambridge Mfg. Works Cambridge 

Marvel Package Co Chestertown 

H. C. Hobbs Denton 

J. E. Foster & Co Federalsburg 

Benjamin & Graham Co Fruitland 

H. H. Moore , Greensboro 

Elmer Wolf Lantz 

Marvel Package Co Pocomoke 

Eastern Shore Mfg. Co Powellsville 

Princess Anne Milling Co Princess Anne 

Cohn & Bock Princess Anne 

Day, Swing & Co Ridgely 

G. E. Leary & Son Rock Hall 

C. R. Disharoon Co Salisbury 

D. J. Elliott Salisbury 

J. H. Tomlinson Salisbury 

Marvel Package Co Sharptown 

Showell Mfg. Co Showell 

Snow Hill Butter-Dish & Basket Co Snow Hill 

Wango Mfg. Co Wango 

G. V. Teeters Westover 

Petey Mfg. Co Whaleysville 

Wimbrow Bros Whaleysville 

Poco-Wico Co Willards 

Grover Davis ... . . .. Willards 



8. Fixtures. 

Reinle, Salmon Co Warner & Stockholm sts Baltimore 

M. L. Himmel & Sons 107 N. Frederick st Baltimore 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 109 

F. X. Ganter Co Sharp & Ostend sts Baltimore 

Ruse & Co 808 Low st Baltimore 

Postal Mfg. Co 206 W. Frederick st Baltimore 

A. Herman 762-64 Vine st Baltimore 

Balto Mill & Cabinet Co. . . .407-9 Dover st Baltimore 

John Clark & Co 411-13 W. Camden st Baltimore 

L. H. Wiebel Hagerstown 

Hagerstown Mantel & Furniture Co Hagerstown 

9. Caskets and Coffins. 

National Casket Co. (Bal- 
timore Branch) E. Falls ave. & Lombard st . Baltimore 



10. Brushes. 

Brownwell Brush & Wire 

Goods Co Eager & Forrest sts Baltimore 

Ox-Fibre Brush Co Frederick 



11. Vehicles and Vehicle Parts. 

Kunkel Wagon Co 29-37 E. Lee st Baltimore 

Martin L. McCormick & Bro.,2601 Pennsylvania ave Baltimore 

Edw. Stinson Mfg. Co 327-35 Guilford ave Baltimore 

Leonhardt Wagon Mfg. Co.. .417 E. Saratoga st Baltimore 

Chas. R. iSefton ; 1401 E. Monument st Baltimore 

C. E. Hosbach Co 808-12 E. Fayette st Baltimore 

Balto. Hub Wheel & Mfg. Co.Fallsway & Gay st Baltimore 

Herman Born & .Sons Fremont & Waesche sts Baltimore 

Ditch, Bowers & Taylor, Inc. North & Mt. Royal aves Baltimore 

Aug. Jass & Sons 798 Waesche st Baltimore 

E. Lehnert & Sons 221-23 North st Baltimore 

Francis T. Lynch 336 N. Calvert st Baltimore 

John C. Raum & Sons 407 S. Sharp st Baltimore 

John G. Mann & Sons 4255 Harford road Baltimore 

C. E. Eckenrode & Co 16-20 N. Carrollton ave Baltimore 

Jacob Eirmann 906-8 Fell st Baltimore 

Wm. Potter & Son 2124 Eastern ave Baltimore 

C. F. Roche Falls road Baltimore 

Carl Spoerer & Sons 901 S. Carey st Baltimore 

Hess Carriage Co Hagerstown 

Hollingsworth Wheel Co Hagerstown 

J. W. Gordy Salisbury 

Herr & Babylon Westminster 

John E. Eckenrode & Son Westminster 



110 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

12. Picture Frames and Moldings. 

Furst Bros. & Co Ostend & Race sts Baltimore 

Henry H. Hall, Jr 356 W Pratt st". Baltimore 

Conrad Hamp & Co 608-18 Portland st Baltimore 

13. Instruments, Musical. 

Adam Stein 5-7 N. Greene st Baltimore 

Stieff Piano Co Lafayette ave. & Aiken st. . . Baltimore 

American Piano Co. (Knabe 

Branch) Eutaw & West sts Baltimore 

M. P. Moller Organ Works Hagerstown 

14. Boxes, Cigar. 

J. Henry Fisher & Sons 14-16 W. Barre st Baltimore 

John C. Hendricks 201 W. Conway st Baltimore 

J. H. Henschen 1022 Sharp st Baltimore 

Otto Bregenzer 1003 China st Baltimore 

15. WOODE^YARE AND NOYELTIES. 

John Dittmar & Sons 800 E. Pratt st Baltimore 

Wm. A. Rock 407-8 N. Paca st Baltimore 

Otto Bregenzer 1003 China st. Baltimore 

Martin Kesmodel, Jr 116 Park ave Baltimore 

Fr. Bergner & Co Paca & Cross sts Baltimore 

Berlin Veneer Co Berlin 

Modern Mfg. Co Hagerstown 

Harry Wilson Salisbury 

16. Toys. 

International Wood & Paper 

Products Corporation 117 N. Calverton road Baltimore 

Carriage & Toy Co 737-41 W. Lombard st Baltimore 

17. Portable Houses. 
C. D. Pruden Co Dock & Warner sts Baltimore 

18. Trunks and Valises (Luggage). 

W. A. Tuerke. 212 E. Lexington st Baltimore 

Jones & Schwartzhopf 1222-32 Greenmount ave Baltimore 

C. J. Dunn & Co 102 N. Charles st Baltimore 

19. Molds and Patterns. 
A. Weiskittel & Sons Co Lombard st Baltimore 



"Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 111 



PRINCIPAL FOREST PRODUCTS. 

("The Forests of Maryland.") 

The most important rise of the forest, here, as elsewhere, is for 
Lumber. The production for 1914 amounted to 229,027,500 board 
feet, 129,105,500 board feet being hardwood and 99,922,000 pine, 
with a very small proportion of hemlock. This represents a value at 
the mills of $3,823,463. There are only a few large stationary mills 
in the State, the bulk of the lumber being cut by portable mills of 
varying size and kind, whose capacity usually runs from 4,000 to 
12,000 board feet daily. These mill operators engage in buying 
timber lots, and move from place to place as new tracts are found. 
Most of the pine lum'ber is cut in the Eastern Shore and southern 
sections of the State, while the bulk of the hardwood comes from 
Central and Western Maryland. 

The lumber production of the State has decreased in the last few 
years because of the exhaustion of large stumpage holdings in the 
western part of the State, so that now the lumber business is more 
generally distributed but not so important. It is believed, however, 
lhat a more stable condition has been reached, and that the present 
cut may be continued for many years, or actually increased under 
better systems of forest management. With reduced supplies of 
stumpage and increased prices, there is a strong tendency toward 
closer cutting and utilization to a smaller diameter limit. 

Pulp wood. 

While the pulpwood business ranks next in importance to that 
of lumber, with a value of $444,029 and a cut of 74,002 long cords 
as reported in 1914, its field of activity is much more localized, 
as two-thirds of the production is from five Southern Maryland 
counties — Prince George's, Charles, Anne Alrundel, St. Mary's and 
Calvert. Fully nine-tenths of the pulpwood is furnished by three 
species — scrub pine, red gum and tulip poplar. 

Scrub pine, a tree which comes in quickly on abandoned fields 
in Southern Maryland, and which up to 12 years ago had no value 



112 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

except for cordwood, is now the most extensively used for pulp- 
wood, making up practically two-thirds of the total production. 
The trees are generally cut during late spring and summer, when 
they peel most readily. The bark is removed, and the stems are 
cut into five-foot sections. After remaining piled in the woods 
until they have become partially seasoned, the wood is hauled to 
railroad or water shipping points and sent to the various pulp mills, 
generally to be shipped outside of the State. Practically all of the 
wood is handled by dealers who usually buy it on the stump, having 
the cutting and piling done by day labor or by contract. 

Red gum, a timber tree growing in swamlpy land in the southern 
part of the State, is also extensively used for pulp wood, and with 
tulip poplar, which mJakes the best pulp wood of any of the native 
species and is cut for the purpose over a, wider area than any other, 
forms most of the remaining third of the total output. 

Railroad Ties. 

The 925,392 railroad ties valued at $440,685, as reported in 1914, 
indicate the importance of this business. Railroad ties are cut 
in all parts of the State, although the Eastern Shore section con- 
tributes but a small per cent., and since little capital is required 
to produce them and they are salable at the nearest railroad point, 
there are great numbers of producers. A ready market and little 
expense of manufacture stimulate the cutting of a great many small, 
thrifty trees for this use before they have reached the most profit- 
able merchantable size. 

White oak, always a preferred tie material, formerly consti- 
tuted the larger part of the product, but it is now becoming scarce, 
and other oaks are being largely substituted, especially where pre- 
servative treatment is possible. The principal species used are 
white oak, red oak (several species), chestnut and a small per cent* 
of pine. 

Piling. 

The counties bordering the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries 
contribute the great bulk of the piling that is produced in the 
State. Of the amount produced probably three-fourths is oak, 
and the remainder principally pine. White oak, because of its 
greater strength and durability, brings a higher price, but several 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 113 

of the red oaks, particularly pin oak, which generally produces long, 
straight stems suitable for the purpose, are mlich used. Pine is 
the cheapest and most easily obtained in desired shapes, but it is 
the least durable. 

Cordwood. 

The 85,355 cords of wood valued at $270,380, reported as 
sold in 1914, represent but a small portion of the wood used in 
the State, since no account was made of that cut and used for 
home consumption. Of the amount produced, approximately one- 
ihird was hardwood, chiefly oak and chestnut, while the remainder 
was principally pine. It is a low-grade product which cannot be 
profitably shipped for any great distance, and therefore the prin- 
cipal mlarkets are found in the nearby towns where the local de- 
mand is usually supplied, directly to the consumer, by the adjacent 
landowners. 

MkNE Props. 

This industry is confined principally to two widely separated 
sections of the State — the Eastern Shore peninsula and Western 
Maryland — and the size of props, woods used and method of sale 
are entirely different in the two localities. In the Eastern Shore 
section loblolly pine forms practically the entire output, and props 
27 to 36 feet long are cut from the larger trees. 

Trees ordinarily used for this purpose are from 14 to 20 inches 
In diameter and the product is generally sold by the ton. The 
props are shipped to the anthracite coal fields and there cut into 
suitable lengths. The production for this section, as reported hi 
1914, was 56,787 tons. Since the trees cut for mine props are also 
of a suitable size for saw timber, the two uses are competing, "and 
the length of haul is generally the determining factor. The mine 
props cannot be hauled profitably for as great a distance as lumber, 
and therefore where the haul exceeds three miles the product gener- 
ally goes into saw timber instead of mine props. 

The other section of the State where the cutting of mine props 
is an important business is in the vicinity of the coal fields in West- 
ern Maryland. The mine prop output coming from the three west- 
ernmost counties — Garrett, Allegany and Washington — amounted 
in 1914 to 46,550 tons. The props used, however, in the coal mines 



114 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

of Western Maryland are very different from; those produced in 
the southeastern part of the State, particularly in the size of the 
trees cut for the purpose, and in that all species of suitable size are 
cut. Round props, measuring four inches at the top and varying 
in length from eight to twelve feet, are required, and a great variety 
of wood is used. In the logging operations here the very small trees, 
left after lumbering for saw timber or for railroad ties, are cut into 
mine props Which are sold at a price little more than covering the 
cost of production and freight, with little, if any, allowance for 
stumipage value. 

A few of the large-sized mine props are cut in Southern Mary- 
land from scrub pine, but they form a very small per cent, of the 
total production for the State. 

Tan Bark. 

Tan bark was produced in seven of the western and central 
counties of the State in 1914, the total production being 34,360 
tons, valued at $253,510. Of this, hemlock constituted nearly two- 
thirds of the total production; oak, principally chestnut oak, the 
remainder. The amount of bark produced in this section was 
very much greater a few years ago, but with the exhaustion of 
the main timber supplies the production of bark has decreased 
with that of lumber, of which it mlay be termed a by-product. There 
are now three large tanneries in the State, and a few small ones, 
which receive most of their supply of bark from Maryland. For 
the past twenty years there has been a sharp decline in this in- 
dustry, due to the rapid exhaustion of chestnut oak and hemlock 
timber supplies. 

Staves and Heading. 

This represents a production of 30,389,019 pieces valued at 
$223,931, and reported from five counties. About half of the num- 
ber were barrel staves and headings, the remainder keg staves and 
headings. Pine constituted nine-tenths of the wood used, and of 
the remainder, consisting of several species, chestnut was the most 
important. The barrel staves were principally for oyster and vege- 
table containers, the bulk of them being used locally, while prac- 
tically all of the keg staves were sent out of the State, their prin- 
cipal use being for nails, bolts, horseshoes, etc. In cutting keg 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 115 

staves small trees are often utilized, the most desirable size being 
six to -eight inches in diameter. The tops are utilized to a diameter 
of three, inches. 

Poles. 

The cut of poles reported was 62,135, with a value of $180,042. 
Practically all of the western, central and southern counties con- 
tributed to this output, of which nearly all was chestnut, the only 
exception being 4,000 white cedar and cypress poles cut along the 
Pocomoke River and its tributaries in Worcester and Wicomico 
counties. Many small poles are used in local telephone lines, but 
the bulk of them are shipped out of the State. The chestnut blight, 
which is so seriously affecting the chestnut trees, has forced great 
quantities of chestnut on the market in the past few years, caus- 
ing over-production, with resulting low prices. 

Shingles. 

The 13,842,000 shingles valued at $45,901, and cut in 1914, were 
principally chestnut, with a small amount of white pine in the 
western part of the State and cypress in the southeastern section. 
All except three counties of the State reported a cut of shingles, 
but in only three of them did the cut exceed 1,000,000, viz. : Mont- 
gomery, Frederick and Howard, in which all the shingles were 
chestnut. These were cut either by portable sawmills, many of which 
are equipped for their manufacture, or by individually operated 
shingle machines. 

Lath. 

A total of 14,837,00 lath were cut in 1914, with a value of 
$45,282. The cut was distributed over nearly all of the counties, 
Allegany, Dorchester, Garrett, Wicomico and Worcester each re- 
porting a million or more. Pine was the species almost universally 
used, and in nearly every case the lath were cut from material not 
suited for lumber, so that they may be regarded as more or less 
a by-product of the lumber mills. 

Mine Ties. 

This product is only reported from the three westernmost 
counties of the State, in the mining region. The total output was 



116 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 

260,000, valued at $39,000. Low-grade material too small for saw 
timber was generally used. A variety of species enter into the pro- 
duct, but the principal kinds are birch, maple and several kinds 
of oak, the latter supplying the bulk of the cut. 

Posts. 

The total production — 133,645 posts, valued at $20,587 — was 
a local product reported in nearly every county of the State. Most 
of them were sold locally and consisted principally of locust, cedar 
and chestnut. 

Export Logs. 

This product consists of large, choice logs of walnut, poplar, 
oak and a few other valuable species, culled from the forests, 
shipped to Baltimore, and there exported in the rough. The pro- 
duction reported recently is 329,000 board feet annually, valued 
at $9,870. It is shipped in the log, because it takes a lower cus- 
toms duty and is the more readily available for the various forms 
into which it is finally manufactured. Miost of it is used for veneer, 
except walnut, which is largely and increasingly used for gun stocks. 
Six counties within a radius of 50 miles of Baltimore reported ship- 
ment of export logs in 1914. 

PlNWOOD. 

The only county in the State to report this product was Wash- 
ington County, with 440 cords valued at $3,960. For this purpose 
locust is used, cut into lengths of approximately four feet, and 
sold by the cord to a large establishment at BJagerstown, which 
produces considerable quantities of insulator pins. Though red oak 
also is somewhat used, black locust constitutes the chief source of the 
telegraph pin manufacturer's wood supply. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 117 



SPECIAL USES OF THE FOREST. 

Among the special uses of the forests not directly associated 
with timber production are the growing' of basket willows, the pro 
duction of maple syrup and sugar, and the manufacture of char- 
coal. These are all uses and products that may mjore properly be 
classed under the forest than any other division, and while they 
are somewhat localized, they nevertheless comprise important in- 
dustries. 

Willow Production. 

The growing of basket willows is an important industry in the 
vicinity of Baltimore. The other centers are Lansdowne, Hale- 
thorpe, Elkridge and Laurel, with scattered plantations at Fred- 
erick, Rosedale, Catonsville and Orownsville. Three kinds of wil- 
low are used — the Lemley, American green and Welsh — and in- 
stead of being permitted to grow to tree form they are annu- 
ally cut back to near the surface of the ground. The rods which 
represent a season's growth are from 4 to 10 feet in length, are 
cut during the winter, peeled and sold to basket makers and dealers 
by the pound. The production reported in 1914 amounted to 400,000 
pounds, valued at $30,000. 

Maple Syrup and Sugar. 

The sugar maple is a tree indigenous to mountain sections, 
occurring locally over restricted areas in Giarrett County. The 
principal stands are in the vicinity of Grantsville and Bittinger, 
with very much smaller ones near Hjoyes Run and the southwestern 
part of the county. It is the practice in these sections in cutting 
woodlands where sugar mlaple constitutes a considerable percentage 
of the stand, to take out all but these trees, which then are left 
in the form of sugar groves or "camps." More recently, however, 
advancing prices paid for sugar maple timber have resulted in the 
cutting down of many of these fine old groves. 



118 



WooD-U{siNG Industries of Maryland 



The maple trees, of course, are tapped each spring, the amount 
of sugar or syrup produced depending upon the season. The Census 
reported for 1909 a production of 351,908 pounds of sugar, valued 
at $24,985, and 12,172 gallons of syrup worth $9,401, making a total 
of $34,386 for the product of approximately 80,000 trees. It is 
probable that this production has been maintained on an average 
since 1909, and the value of the product has increased because of 
the higher price now obtaining for both sugar and syrup. 



Charcoal. 

The production of charcoal is not as important as it was some 
years ago, due to changes in the industries in which it was for- 
merly used. But three counties — Anne Arundel, Cecil and Charles 
— reported a production which amounted to 95,000 bushels, valued 
at $9,500. Up to fifty years ago, and for more than a century be- 
fore, the cutting of wood for charcoal production was a very im- 
portant business, as it was then used extensively in iron manufac- 
ture in several different sections of the State. 

For example, the Principio Furnace, which is, except for the 
Muirkirk Furnace in Prince George's County, the only one now oper- 
ated in the State though to a very limited extent, formerly used 
large quantities of the charcoal produced from its 10,000 acres of 
woodland. The Principio Company was organized in 1722, and in 
1774 the Catoctin Furnace, in the mountains of the same name, 
was built. The latter ceased to operate about 20 years ago, though 
it also had large holdings of woodland comprising nearly 10,000 
acres, which it had cut over periodically for charcoal production. 
The Green Spring Furnace, in the vicinity of Fairview Mountain, 
likewise discontinued operations, in 1873, but during its active 
period, covering 25 years, it used the entire product of its 7,000 
acres of woodland for charcoal production. Harford Furnace, on a 
branch of Bush River; another, at The Hocks in Harford County; 
and still other smaller ones, all contributed to the charcoal industry. 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



119 



TABLE A- 



-THE STATE'S FOREST AREAS, CLASSIFIED BY STAND OF TIMBER 
PER ACRE. 





Mixed Hardwoods. 




Pine. 


Hardwood and 


Pine. 


County. 


Over 
5,000 
Bd. 
Ft. 


Under 

5,000 

Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent 


Over 

5,000 

Bd. 

Ft. 


Under 

5,000 

Bd. Ft. 


Per 

Cent. 


Over 

5,000 

Bd. 

Ft. 


Under 

5,000 

Bd. Ft. 


Per 
Cent. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Acres. 




Allegany ___ ._ __ 


174 
6,744 
4,301 
8,251 
1,861 
3,532 
2,738 
6,868 
2,458 
3,300 
4,484 
6,303 
9,399 
6,787 
4,823 
2,122 

1,471 


128,148 
61,178 
94,659 
39,489 
19,775 
35,401 
50,805 
66,037 
16,395 
87,358 

264,112 
75,234 
27,709 
26,063 
59,416 
89,124 
55,359 
35,496 
7,101 
8,251 
56,160 
24,852 
18,241 


78 
74 
96 
76 
34 
99 
100 
43 
14 
99 
98 
99 
96 
97 
94 
73 
94 
31 
10 
19 
83 
23 
22 


6 

8,430 

601 

40 

1,825 

5,243 
8,182 

1,464 

272 

166 
1,919 

7,896 
6,942 

7,018 
7,902 


3,158 

9,085 

144 

10,482 

19,206 

13,609 

40,582 

62 

617 

335 

1,536 

443 

2,806 

23,755 

1,840 

22,030 

20,843 

5,185 

599 

35,596 

77,387 


2 

19 
1 

17 
34 

11 
35 

1 

1 

4 

1 

4 

18 

3 

20 

42 

26 

1 

38 
59 


442 

27,115 
2,529 

31 

6,601 
1,573 

1,370 


31,904 
6,829 
3,810 

4,128 

20,167 

359 

79,790 

43,559 

397 

1,277 

483 
1,504 
12,199 
1,874 
58,164 
26,946 
23,430 
11,493 
42,760 
28,783 


20 


Anne Arundel 


7 


Baltimore _ 

Calvert _ _._ 


3 
7 


Caroline _ 


3. 


Carroll _. 


1 


Cecil 




Charles 


46 


Dorchester .. 


51 


Frederick 


1 


Garrett 


1 


Harford 




Howard 




Kent __1 


2 


Montgomery _ 




Prince George's ___ 


10 


Queen Anne's _ 

St. Mary's 


3 

49 




48 


Talbot — _ - .... 


441 

4,022 

112 

15,869 


55 


Washington 


16 


Wicomico 


39 


Worcester 


19 






The State 


96,060 


1,346,863 


65 


57,906 


289,300 


15 


38,561 


399,856 


20 







120 



Wood-Using Industrie^ of Maryland 



TABLE B- 



-SUMMARY OF THE 1914 LUMBER and timber production of 
MARYLAND, BY COUNTIES. 



County. 



Mills and 
Operators. 



Cut in 
Cubic Feet. 



Value. 



Allegany 

Anne Arundel _ 

Baltimore 

Calvert 

Caroline __ 

Carroll „ 

Cecil 

Charles 

Dorchester 

Frederick 

Garrett 

Harford 

Howard 

Kent 

Montgomery ... 
Prince George's 
Queen Anne's _. 

St. Mary's 

Somerset 

Talbot 

Washington 

Wicomico — 

Worcester 



30 

20 
01 
25 
24 
30 
37 
51 
G2 
27 
12 
10 
28 
32 
26 
33 
46 
38 
26 
64 
51 



3,141,400 

1,099,610 

2,119,584 

1,448,475 

1,546,000 

991,960 

716,780 

5,838,080 

2,231,160 

809,965 

7,750,245 

774,555 

599,455 

382,870 

1,215,545 

1,388,000 

690,205 

1,226,755 

2,742,423 

1,274,994 

1,4S5,950 

3,949,470 

3,525,700 



$440,754 
130,099 
308,180 
202,597 
178,654 
118,800 

96,893 
484,866 
352,405 
179,004 
1,379,937 
118,342 

64,693 

53,047 
175,422 
161,939 

83,363 
157,002 
363,174 
137,212 
190,850 
592,318 
467,191 



The State 



800 



46,949,181 



J, 436, 751 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



121 



TABLE C SUMMARY OP THE 1914 LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF MARY- 
LAND, WITH BY-PRODUCTS, IN ORDER OP RELATIVE IMPORTANCE. 



Product. 



Amount. 




129,105,500 Board 


Feet 


99,922,000 Board 


Feet 


74,002 Cords 




925,392 




3,563,800 Lineal 


Feet 


85,355 Cords 




109,217 Tons 




34,360 Tons 




30,389,019 Pieces 




62,135 




13,842,000 




14,837,000 




260,000 




'133,645 




529,000 Board 


Feet 


95,000 Bushels 


i 


440 Cords 





Value. 



Hardwood lumber _. 

Pine lumber , 

Pulpwood 

Railroad ties ........ 

Piling 

Cordwood 

Mine props _ 

Tan bark 

Staves and headings 

Poles 

Shingles 

Lath 

Mine ties _ 

Posts 

Export logs 

Charcoal - 

Pinwood 

The State 



$2,325,127 
1,498,336 
444,029 
440,685 
358,900 
270,380 
261,451 
253,510 
223,931 
180,042 
45,901 
45,382. 
39 ( 0OO 
20,687 
16,130 
9,500 
3,960 



46,949,181 Cubic Feet 



$6,436,751 



122 



Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 



TABLE r> WOODED AREA, 



STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER IN MARYLAND, 
BY COUNTIES. 



County. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per 

Cent. 
Wooded. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Bd. 
Ft. (Doyle Log Rule). All" 
Trees More Than Nine Inches 
in Diameter. 


Stumpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hard- 
wood, 

M 
Bd. Ft. 


Pine, 

M 

Bd.Ft. 


Total, 

M 
Bd.Ft. 


Hard- 
wood, 
$5.00 
Per M. 


Pine, 

$5.00 

Per M. 


Total. 

$ 


Allegany 

Anne Arundel 

Baltimore 

Calvert ^ 


266,363 
274,500 
403,181 
139,332 
208,350 
296,029 
223,197 


163,832 
92,266 

103,515 
62,390 
62,834 
39,292 
53,543 

171,547 

138,291 
91,117 

274,483 
81,872 
38,644 
33,776 
68,821 

127,200 
59,270 

119,080 
68,387 
45,822 
72,274 

111,608 

148,182 


62 
34 
24 
45 
.30 
13 
24 
59 
37 
21 
63 
29 
25 
19 
22 
41 
26 
51 
25 
29 
24 
46 
47 


105,369 

122,314 

201,352 

70,886 

31,277 

85,377 

89,332 

163,989 

81,024 

126,690 

432,115 

147,204 

99,218 

49,860 

130,340 

107,844 

65,559 

80,564 

19,358 

85,870 

113,062 

21,320 

70,823 


42,073 
6,203 
7,991 

7,752 

61,862 

179 

88,281 

315,305 

261 

15,651 

148 

110 

159 

7,513 

68,783 

14,541 

84,266 

154,741 

127,370 

2,078 

101,155 

221,607 


147,442 

128,517 

269,343 

78,638 

93,139 

85,556 

' 89,332 

252,270 

396,329 

126,951 

447,766 

147,352 

99,328 

50,019 

137,853 

176,627 

80,100 

164,830 

174,099 

214,240 

115,140 

122,475 

292,430 


$369,107 
550,413 

1,006,760 
283,546 
125,108 
426,885 
357,328 
655,956 
324,096 
570,105 

1,728,460 
736,020 
496,090 
249,300 
651,700 
431,376 
295,015 
322,256 
77,432 
343,480 
452,248 
85,280 
283,292 


$208,292 

31,015 

39,955 

31,006 

309,350 

895 


$577,399 

581,428 

1,046,715 

314,553 


Caroline _ 

Carroll _ 


434,458 
" 427,780 


Cecil _ .. 


357,328 


Charles ; 


290,546 


353,124 

1,576,525 

1,175 

78,255 

740 

550 

795 

37,565 

275,132 

72,705 

342,464 

706,305 

636,850 

9,351 

505,775 

1,108,035 


1,009,080 


Dorchester 

Frederick _.. 

Garrett 

Harford 

Howard 

Kent .* 

Montgomery ___ 
Prince George's. 
Queen Anne's... 

St. Mary'Sx. 

Somerset 

Talbot 


368,669 
433,130 
436,621 
283,009 
159,442 
179,872 
302,881 
306,872 
231,770 
i 233,963 
273,180 
158,780 
305,122 
242,275 
312,955 


1,900,621 
571,280 

1,806,715 
736,760 
496,640 
250,096 
689,265 
706,508 
367,720 
664,720 
783,737 
980,330 


Washington 

Wicomico __ 

Worcester 


461,599 

691,055 

1,391,327 


Thft State 


6,330,039 


2,228,046 


35 


2,500,747 


1,328,029 


3,829,776 


$10,821,253 


$6,325,859 


$17,147,113 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS A 

021 048 357 3 



